Organic Chemistry6th EditionMarc Loudon, Jim Parise Publisher: W. H. FreemanISBN: 9781936221349
Organic Chemistry
Solutions for Organic Chemistry
Browse All Chapters of This Textbook
Chapter 1 - Chemical Bonding And Chemical StructureChapter 2 - AlkanesChapter 3 - Acids And Bases. The Curved-arrow NotationChapter 4 - Introduction To Alkenes. Structure And ReactivityChapter 5 - Addition Reactions Of AlkenesChapter 6 - Principles Of StereochemistryChapter 7 - Cyclic Compounds. Stereochemistry Of ReactionsChapter 8 - Nonconvalent Intermolecular InteractionsChapter 9 - The Chemisrty Of Alkyl HalidesChapter 10 - The Chemisrty Of Alcohols And Thiols
Chapter 11 - The Chemistry Of Ethers, Epoxides, Glycols, And SulfidesChapter 12 - Introduction To Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy And Mass SpectrometryChapter 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyChapter 14 - The Chemistry Of AlkynesChapter 15 - Dienes, Resonance, And AromaticityChapter 16 - The Chemistry Of Benzene And Its DerivativesChapter 17 - Allylic And Benzylic ReactivityChapter 18 - The Chemistry Of Aryl Halides, Vinylic Halides, And Phenols. Transition-metal CatalysisChapter 19 - The Chemistry Of Aldehydes And Ketones. Carbonyl-addition ReactionsChapter 20 - The Chemistry Of Carboxylic AcidsChapter 21 - The Chemistry Of Carboxylic Acids DerivativesChapter 22 - The Chemistry Of Enolate Ions, Enols, And α ,β-unsaturated Carbonyl CompoundsChapter 23 - The Chemistry Of AminesChapter 24 - CarbohydratesChapter 25 - The Chemistry Of Thioesters, Phosphate Esters, And Phosphate AnhydridesChapter 26 - The Chemistry Of The Aromatic Heterocycles And Nucleic AcidsChapter 27 - Amino Acids, Peptides, And ProteinsChapter 28 - Pericyclic Reactions
Book Details
Loudon and Parise's
Organic Chemistry is known for its clear writing, high standard of accuracy, and creative problems. This edition contains over 1,600 problems many of them new and taken directly from the scientific literature. The book is used at a wide variety of schools, such as UC Berkeley, Caltech, Colorado, Cornell, Duke, Harvard, Illinois, Maryland, Purdue, Yale, Wisconsin, and many more. This edition provides students with more health examples drawn from modern medical practice, as well as many cutting-edge topics from modern synthetic organic chemistry.
Sample Solutions for this Textbook
We offer sample solutions for Organic Chemistry homework problems. See examples below:
The given atom is sodium. The electronic configuration of sodium is, 1s22s22p63s1 It belongs to the...The structure of CH3 molecule is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 From the above figure, it is clear that...The given structure is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 The formal charge on atom is calculated by the...The given molecule is :CH2. The carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and carries a lone pair...The bond electrons which on addition form a molecular orbital are known as bonding electrons. The...The general formula of an alkane is represented as, CnH2n+2 Where, • n represents the number of...The structure of octane can be drawn as shown in figure 1. Figure 1 The isomers of the octane having...The general balanced reaction for the complete combustion of an alkane is given below as,...The general balanced reaction for the complete combustion of an alkane is given below as,...
The moles of H present in X per mole of C can be calculated by finding out the atomic ratio and...Lewis acids are electron donor, whereas Lewis bases are electron pair accepter. In water molecule...The relation between Keq with pKa is given by an expression shown below. Keq=10pKBH/pKAH…(1) Where,...The given compounds are shown below. ClCH2CH2SH ClCH2CH2OH CH3CH2OH A B C Figure 1 The acidity of an...It is given that standard free energy (ΔGο) for 2,2− dimethylpropane and pentane is 6.86 kJ mol−1....The given compounds are shown below. CH3CH2OH Cl2CHCH2OH ClCH2CH2OH A B C Figure 1 Compounds shown...The standard free-energy change is given by the formula shown below. ΔG°=−2.3RTlogKeq…(1) Where, • R...The given compound is, Figure 1 The bond with higher percentage of s-character has electron density...It is given that standard free energy of activation of reaction A is 90 kJ mol−1(21.5 kcal mol−1)...It is given that standard free energy of activation of reaction A is 90 kJ mol−1(21.5 kcal mol−1)...The parent chain of the given structure is numbered as shown below. Figure 1 In this structure,...When a compound is named the first thing is to identify the longest parent chain. If the parent...The E−Z configuration is dependent on the atomic number of the atoms attached to the double bond. If...The given alkenes undergoing interconversion along with their free energy of formation are shown...The given standard free energy of activation for hydration of 2− methylpropene to...In acid catalyzed hydration reaction, nucleophile goes to the more substituted carbon of the alkene,...The reaction of 1−butene and Br2 in CH2Cl2 undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction. It results...In the reaction of 1-ethylcyclopentene with Br2 in CH2Cl2 solvent, 1-ethylcyclopentene acts as a...The alkene which is used to synthesize the given compound is shown below. Figure 1 The alkene...The reaction required in the given problem is written below. CH3CH2-SH→homolysis⋅SH+⋅CH2CH3 The...The reaction required in the given problem is written below. X2+CH4→H3C-X+H-X When X=Br, one Br-Br...The structure of the given compound is shown below as, Figure 1 Four different groups are attached...The molarity of the solution of D is 0.1 M. The observed rotation of the solution of D is +0.20°....There are many examples where constitutional isomers are chiral. In case of 3-methylhexane and...The molarity of the solution of the R enantiomer of (3-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)benzene is 0.5 M. The...The rate of racemization in skull samples follows the equation ln(1+r1−r)=kt …(1) Where, k is the...The structure of 2,3,4-Trichloropentane is shown below. Figure 1 The template for line-and-wedge...The given leftmost figure of chair conformation of cyclohexane is shown as, Figure 1 The model of...The two chair conformations of trans−1,4−dimethylcylohexane are shown below. Figure 1 The...The structure of cis and trans isomers of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane are shown below. Figure 1 The...The equilibrium condition given for the axial and equatorial forms is shown below....(1) The alkene undergoes hydroboration-oxidation reaction to form alcohol compounds. The borane gets...The reaction of trans-2-pentene with Br2 gives 2, 3-dibromopentane. The addition occurs in the...The two conformations of cyclohexane are given below. Figure 1 In the above shown figure, in...The two conformations of cyclohexane are given below. Figure 1 In the above shown figure, in...The given compound is (CH3)2CHCH2−F. It contains four carbon atoms. Fluorine is attached to the...The given compound is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. It consists of a chain of four carbon atoms with hydroxyl...Entropy is directly proportional to natural logarithm to probability. It is represented as shown...The given molecular formula of ether is C5H10O. The structure of chiral ether is required....The equilibrium constant for the reaction is given as shown below. Keq=[Reactants]r[Products]p …(1)...The structure of the two drugs is shown below. Figure 1 From the structure of two drugs, it is clear...The nucleophilic atom of Na+CH3CH2CH2CH2S− is sulfur which attacks on the carbon atom of methyl...The rate law for the addition reaction of bromine to an alkene is shown below. rate=k[alkene][Br2]2...The ratio of rate constants kA/kB at 25 °C for two reactions A and B is calculated by the formula...A Grignard reagent is formed when alkyl halide is treated with Mg in the presence of anhydrous...The structures of C6H13Br isomers are shown below. Figure 1 The compounds that have chiral centers...The type of reactions those occurs when 1-bromo-3-methylbutane reacting with KI in aqueous acetone...The types of reactions which 2- bromo -2- methylhexane undergoes when reacted with warm 1:1...The SN2 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution bimolecular reaction in which the addition of...The SN2 reaction occurs more rapidly in the polar solvent as polar solvents help in the dissolution...The name of the compound sodium isopropoxide indicates that the compound is organic salt. The cation...The compounds provided ClCH2CH2OH, Cl2CHCH2OH, Cl(CH2)3OH can be arranged in their increasing order...The given reaction is shown below. CH4→Br2,lightCH3Br The reactant and products with an oxidation...Primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized into aldehydes and ketones using Cr(VI) compounds as...The product obtained on the reaction of 1-butanol and concentrated aqueous HBr, H2SO4 catalyst, heat...The product obtained on the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol and concentrated aqueous HCl is shown...Acidity of the molecules is dependent upon the stability of the ion formed after releasing hydrogen...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The complete reaction with the products is shown below....The oxygen is the most electronegative species followed by sulphur and least electronegative is...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The SN2 reaction of sodium-2-bromopropanoate with OH−...The number of carbon atoms in the ether is 9. The general formula of ether is R'−O−R. Tertiary ether...The dibutyl sulfide undergoes an oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The dibutyl sulfide...The compound 2-ethyl-2-methyloxirane undergoes ring opening reaction in the presence of acid. The...Ethylene reacts with OsO4 by syn-addition reaction to give osmate ester which on hydrolysis yields...The incomplete given reaction is shown below. CH3CH2CH2−Br+Na+EtO−→EtOH The oxygen atom of sodium...The mercuric acetate Hg(OAc)2 in THF, H2O solvent reacts with 3- methyl -1- butene to form an...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The oxygen atom of the alkoxide ion attack carbon of...Wavelength and frequency are related to each other by the formula shown below. ν=cλ…(1) Where, • c...Wavelength and frequency are related to each other by the formula shown below. ν=cλ …(1) Where, • c...Change in the dipole moment of the molecule on IR absorption is the necessary condition to be IR...(a) The given compound is 1,5−hexadiene as shown below. Figure 1 In the IR spectra of 1,5−hexadiene,...The molecule ethyl bromide contains carbon, hydrogen, bromide atoms. In this molecule carbon and...The radio frequency required to cause spin flipping is given by the equation as shown below....Chemical shift value in ppm remain constant in any field strength. Therefore the chemical shift...The structure of 1,1−dichloro ethane is shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1 In the given structure of...The compounds cyclohexane and trans-2-hexene can be distinguished on the basis of NMR signals to be...There is only one signal in the compound that means all the protons are equivalent and all the...The given compounds are shown below. (CH3)2CH-Cl (CH3)2CD-Cl A B The formula used to determine NMR...The carbon atom exists in two isotopes 12C and 13C their relative intensity 0.989 and 0.011...Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The triple bonded...The compound CH3CH2CH2CH2C≡CH has an acetylene group (−C≡CH) in it which is attached to a...The reaction of 1-hexyne with HBr is shown below. Figure 1 In the above reaction, hexyne reacts with...The reaction of 4−octyne with H2, Pd/C catalyst is shown below. Figure 1 In the above reaction,...When acetylene reacts with sodamide in liq NH3 it forms sodium ethylide that further reacts with...In (E)-1, 3, 5-hexatriene, the combination of 6 2p orbitals provides the information of 6 molecular...The delocalization energy of (E)-1, 3, 5-hexatriene is calculated as the difference of π-electron...The expression for the energy by Plank-Einstein equation is shown below. E=hc/λ…(1) Where, • E is...First designate the double bond carbon atoms as C2 and C3 and single bonds as C1 and C4. Now, break...When trans−1,3−pentadiene reacts with Br2 (dark) in CH2Cl2, it gives 1,2− and 1,4− addition product....Free energy (ΔG) is a thermodynamic state function which is used to calculate the maximum amount of...The given structure of isoprene is shown below. Figure 1 At the time of protonation at carbon −1, a...The given incomplete reaction is shown below. Figure 1 In the above incomplete reaction,...Aromatic compounds are those compounds which contains at least one aromatic ring. The naming of...The aromatic compound, p-chlorophenol contains a phenyl ring attached to a hydroxyl group and a...Ethylbenzene is ortho and para directing group, the electrophile will substitute on either ortho or...The structure of p- nitrotoluene is shown below. Figure 1 The methyl is an ortho and para directing...The structure of mesitylene, toluene, and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene are shown below. Figure 1 The...The given incomplete reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The benzene ring in the presence of AlCl3...The structure of a given compound is shown below. Figure 1 In Figure 1, there are five allylic...It is known that the N-bromosuccinimide is used for the bromination of allylic carbon. Therefore,...The reaction of trans-2-butene when reacted with Br2 in CH2Cl2, dark is shown below. Figure 1 The...The reaction of 4-methylcyclohexene when reacted with Br2 in CH2Cl2, dark is shown below. Figure 1...For preparing benzyl methyl ether from toluene, toluene is first brominated. For bromination of...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The complete reaction is shown below. Figure 2 The...The structure of given compounds is shown below Figure 1 The SN2 reaction is a nucleophilic...The formula for calculation of n in the dn notation is given below. n = (Valence electrons in...The general formula for the calculation of electron count in a given formula is shown below....The reaction of p−iodotoluene with CH3OH is shown below. Figure 1 Aryl iodides cannot undergo...The reaction of m−cresol with concentrated H2SO4 is shown below. Figure 1 This reaction is known as...The acidity of the compound depends upon the stability of its conjugate base. The greater the...The given compound has a formula C8H10O. The given compound is insoluble in water but soluble in...The sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It abstracts a proton from the stronger acidic compound and...The chlorination of benzene using chlorine gas in the presence of iron chloride forms chlorobenzene...The reaction to be completed is shown below. Figure 1 Nucleophilic substitution reaction takes place...Isobutrylaldehyde is a compound containing 4 carbon atoms and aldehyde as a functional group. In the...The degree of unsaturation or double bond equivalent (DBE) is calculated by the formula stated...The hydrated product is formed known as gem-diol. The gem-diol is an unstable compound. Therefore,...Butyraldehyde reacts with PhMgBr, then with dilute H3O+ to give 1-phenylbutan-1-ol. The product...Cyclohexanone reacts with hydroxylamine to form the derivative of the oxime of the carbonyl...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 In the above reaction, diphenylmethanethione undergoes...The degree of unsaturation or double bond equivalent (DBE) is calculated by the formula stated...The given compound contains four carbon atom hydrocarbon chain which is identified by butyric acid....The structure of the given compound is shown below. Figure 1 When a compound is named, the first...When butyric acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of H2SO4 catalyst, an ester, ethyl butyrate is...The treatment of sodium methoxide with a carboxylic acid produces an ester. The steps for the...The given pKa value 0.1 M solution of acetic acid is 4.76. So, the value of Ka for 0.1 M solution of...The synthesis of 2-pentanol from propanoic acid is done using multiple steps shown below. Figure 1...In 5−cyanopentanoic acid, there is a five carbon chain. At one end of the chain there will be a...The reaction of ethyl benzoate in presence H2O in presence of heat and acid catalyst undergoes acid...Propionyl chloride undergoes hydrolysis reaction to from propionic acid. The water molecule acts as...The given incomplete reaction is shown below. Figure 1 In the given reaction, the hydrolysis of...The odd molecular mass of the compound indicates that it contains odd number of nitrogen atoms....The given compound o-bromotoluene reacts with lithium in presence of THF to form organolithium...In diethyl malonate the methylene group is surrounded by two carbonyl groups as shown below. Figure...The structure of 2-methylcyclohexanone is shown below. Figure 1 In the compound,...The given compound is shown below. Figure 1 In the above preparation of the compound, the enolate is...The principal organic product obtained when 3-buten-2-one reacts with HBr is shown below. Figure 1...The principal organic product obtained when ethyl trans-2-butenoate reacts with −CN in ethanol, then...The principal organic product obtained when isobutyraldehyde reacts with the lithium enolate of...The structure of compound is given below. Figure 1 When a base is present in the medium, it easily...The reaction of 2−cyclopentenone with halogen acids, gives addition product. This undergoes Wurtz...The reaction of ethyl acetoacetate with dibromobutane in presence of base and ethanol results in the...The reaction to be completed is shown below. Figure 1 The reaction of given ester with NaOEt forms...The name N-isopropylaniline indicates that it consists of the structure of aniline compound. One...It is known that the order of basicity of amines in aqueous solution is NH3<3° amine<1°...When p-chloroaniline reacts with dilute HBr, it results in the formation of ammonium salt that is...When N−methylaniline undergo electrophilic substitution reaction with a molecule of Br2, it results...The reaction of amines with dilute H2SO4 result in the formation of sulfate salts of corresponding...The given compound has a molecular formula C4H7N with no triple bond. It may have a double bond or...The separation of enantiomers occurs in three steps. In the first step, the two enantiomers, (±)-2-...When ammonia reacts with nitrous acid, diazotization occurs with the formation of ammonium nitrite...Pentanoic acid combines with methyl amine to give corresponding amides. By addition reaction,...The structure of the given molecule is shown below. Figure 1 In the Fischer projection, the...The Fischer projection of α-D-glucopyranose is shown below. Figure 1 The Fischer projection of...The product obtained when D-mannose is reacted with Ag+(NH3)2 is shown below. Figure 1 The Tollens...The product obtained when D-ribose is reacted with dilute is shown below. Figure 1 The oxidation of...The compounds, α−D−glucopyranose and β−D−glucopyranose are anomers because their stereochemistry is...Monosaccharide with the six-carbon atom is known as hexose. The presence of a keto group in...The given incomplete reaction is shown below. phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside+CH3OH(Solvent)→H2SO4 In the...In the given name cyclohexyl thiobenzoate, the cyclohexyl is the alkyl group which is bonded to the...The hydrolysis reaction of ATP is as follows: ATP+H2O ⇌ADP+Phosphate The ∆G0' for this reaction is...The interconversion equation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate and the structures of...The given reaction is: fatty acyl-CoA+carnitine⇋ fatty acyl carnitine+ HSCoA This reaction is the...The adenylation of aspartic acid takes place in three steps. Step 1: In the first step, aspartic...The name of the given compound 4−(dimethylamino)pyridine suggest that it contains a pyridine ring....The reaction of 2− methylthiophene reacts with acetic anhydride, BF3, acid is shown below. Figure 1...In the given compound, the lone pair of the pyridine nitrogen is not involved in the resonance with...When quinine reacts with 1 M HCl, a conjugate acid of quinine is formed as protonation of aliphatic...The reaction to be completed is shown below. Figure 1 When 2-methylpyridine reacts with deuterium...In the first step, pyridine undergoes oxidation on nitrogen atom to form pyridine-N-oxide on...The name of the peptide is triptophylglycylisoleucylaspartic acid. This peptide is made up of four...Peptides are classified as acidic, basic, or neutral according to the amino acids they contain. If...The given peptide chain is shown below. Phe−Arg−Gly−His−Trp The triplet codon for the amino acid Phe...In amino acids, b-type fragments appear due to an amino group or in other words charge is being...The valine has a carboxylic group in it. This carboxylic group can undergo esterification with...The molecular mass of amino acid 1000 and it has the composition Ala2, Arg, Gly, Ile. When the given...The structure of alanine is shown below. Figure 1 Alanine is an optically active compound. It...The given reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The amine group of the p-aminobenzoic acid is protected...The given incomplete reaction is shown below. Figure 1 The carbon in phenyl isothiocyanate is...The given reaction is an example of an electrocyclic reaction. This is because of in this...The structure of 1,3,5−hexatriene is shown below. CH2=CH−CH=CH−CH=CH2 The electron configuration of...The structure of 2,4,6−heptatrienyl cation is shown below. H2C=CH —CH=CH—CH=CH−CH2+ This molecule...
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Organic Chemistry
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