Organic And Biological Chemistry7th EditionSTOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen) Publisher: Cengage Learning,ISBN: 9781305081079
Organic And Biological Chemistry
Browse All Chapters of This Textbook
Chapter 1 - Saturated HydrocarbonsChapter 1.1 - Organic And Inorganic CompoundsChapter 1.2 - Bonding Characteristics Of The Carbon AtomChapter 1.3 - Hydrocarbons And Hydrocarbon DerivativesChapter 1.4 - Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated HydrocarbonsChapter 1.5 - Structural FormulasChapter 1.6 - Alkane IsomerismChapter 1.7 - Conformation Of AlkanesChapter 1.8 - Iupac Nomenclature Of AlkanesChapter 1.9 - Line-angle Structural Fomrulas Of Alkanes
Chapter 1.10 - Classification Of Carbon AtomsChapter 1.11 - Branched-chain Alkyl GroupsChapter 1.12 - CycloalkanesChapter 1.13 - Iupac Nomenclature Of CycloalkanesChapter 1.14 - Isomerism In CycloalkanesChapter 1.15 - Sources Of Alkanes And CycloalkanesChapter 1.16 - Physical Properties Of Alkanes And CycloalkanesChapter 1.17 - Chemical Properties Of Alkanes And CycloalkanesChapter 1.18 - Halogenated Alkanes And CycloalkanesChapter 2 - Unsaturated HydrocarbonsChapter 2.1 - Unsaturated HydrocarbonsChapter 2.2 - Characteristics Of Alkenes And CycloalkenesChapter 2.3 - Nomenclature For Alkenes And CycloalkenesChapter 2.4 - Line-angle Structural Fomrulas Of AlkenesChapter 2.5 - Constitutional Isomerism In AlkenesChapter 2.6 - Cis-trans Isomerism In AlkenesChapter 2.7 - Naturally Occuring AlkenesChapter 2.8 - Physical Properties Of Alkenes And CycloalkenesChapter 2.9 - Preparation Of AlkenesChapter 2.10 - Chemical Reactions Of AlkenesChapter 2.11 - Polymerization Of Alkenes: Addition PolymersChapter 2.12 - AlkynesChapter 2.13 - Aromatic HydrocarbonsChapter 2.14 - Nomenclature For Aromatic HydrocarbonsChapter 2.15 - Properties Of And Sources For Aromatic HydrocarbonsChapter 2.16 - Fused-ring Aromatic HydrocarbonsChapter 3 - Alcohols, Phenols And EthersChapter 3.1 - Bonding Characteristics Of Oxygen Atoms In Organic CompoundsChapter 3.2 - Structural Characteristics Of AlcoholsChapter 3.3 - Nomenclature Of AlcoholsChapter 3.4 - Isomerism For AlcoholsChapter 3.5 - Important Commonly Encountered AlcoholsChapter 3.6 - Physical Properties Of AlcoholsChapter 3.7 - Preparation Of AlcoholsChapter 3.8 - Classification Of AlcoholsChapter 3.9 - Chemical Reactions Of AlcoholsChapter 3.10 - Structural Characteristics Of PhenolsChapter 3.11 - Nomenclature For PhenolsChapter 3.12 - Physical And Chemical Properties Of PhenolsChapter 3.13 - Occurrence Of And Use For PhenolsChapter 3.14 - Structural Characteristics Of EthersChapter 3.15 - Nomenclature For EthersChapter 3.16 - Occurrence Of And Use For EthersChapter 3.17 - Isomerism For EthersChapter 3.18 - Physical And Chemical Properties Of EthersChapter 3.19 - Cyclic EthersChapter 3.20 - Thiols: Sulfur Analogs Of AlcoholsChapter 3.21 - Thioethers: Sulfur Analogs Of EthersChapter 4 - Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.1 - The Carbonyl GroupChapter 4.2 - Compounds Containing A Carbonyl GroupChapter 4.3 - The Aldehyde And Ketone Functional GroupsChapter 4.4 - Nomenclature For AldehydesChapter 4.5 - Nomenclature For KetonesChapter 4.6 - Isomerism For Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.7 - Selected Common Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.8 - Physical Properties Of Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.9 - Preparation Of Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.10 - Oxidation And Reduction Of Aldehydes And KetonesChapter 4.11 - Reaction Of Aldehydes And Ketones With AlcoholsChapter 4.12 - Sulfur-containing Carbonyl GroupsChapter 5 - Carboxylic Acids, Esters, And Other Acid DerivativesChapter 5.1 - Structure Of Carboxylic Acids And Their DerivativesChapter 5.2 - Iupac Nomenclature Of Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.3 - Common Names For Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.4 - Polyfunctional Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.5 - Physical Properties Of Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.6 - Preparation Of Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.7 - Acidity Of Carboxylic AcidsChapter 5.8 - Carboxylic Acids SaltsChapter 5.9 - Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylation ReactionsChapter 5.10 - Structures Of EstersChapter 5.11 - Preparation Of EstersChapter 5.12 - Nomenclature For EstersChapter 5.13 - Selected Common EstersChapter 5.14 - Isomerism For Carboxylic Acids And EstersChapter 5.15 - Physical Properties Of EstersChapter 5.16 - Chemical Properties Of EstersChapter 5.17 - Sulfur Analogs Of EstersChapter 5.18 - PolyestersChapter 5.19 - Acid Chlorides And Acid AnhydridesChapter 5.20 - Esters And Anhydrides Of Inorganic AcidsChapter 6 - Amines And AmidesChapter 6.1 - Bonding Characteristics Of Nitrogen Atoms In Organic CompoundsChapter 6.2 - Structura And Classification Of AminesChapter 6.3 - Nomenclature For AminesChapter 6.4 - Isomerism For AminesChapter 6.5 - Physcial Properties Of AminesChapter 6.6 - Basicity Of AminesChapter 6.7 - Reaction Of Amines With AcidsChapter 6.8 - Alkylation Of Ammonia And AminesChapter 6.9 - Heterocyclic AminesChapter 6.10 - Selected Biochemically Important AminesChapter 6.11 - AlkaloidsChapter 6.12 - Structure And Classification Of AmidesChapter 6.13 - Nomenclature Of AmidesChapter 6.14 - Selected Amides And Their UsesChapter 6.15 - Basicity Of AmidesChapter 6.16 - Physcial Properties Of AmidesChapter 6.17 - Preparation Of AmidesChapter 6.18 - Hydrolysis Of AmidesChapter 6.19 - Polyamides And PolyurethanesChapter 7 - CarbohydratesChapter 7.1 - Biochemistry-an OverviewChapter 7.2 - Occurrence And Functions Of CarbohydratesChapter 7.3 - Classification Of CarbohydratesChapter 7.4 - Chirality: Handedness In MoleculesChapter 7.5 - Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers And DiastereomersChapter 7.6 - Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projection FormulasChapter 7.7 - Properties Of EnantiomersChapter 7.8 - Classification Of MonosaccharidesChapter 7.9 - Biochemically Important MonosaccharidesChapter 7.10 - Cyclic Forms Of MonosaccharidesChapter 7.11 - Haworth Projection FormulasChapter 7.12 - Reactions Of MonosaccharidesChapter 7.13 - DisaccharidesChapter 7.14 - OligosaccharidesChapter 7.15 - General Characteristics Of PolysaccharidesChapter 7.16 - Storage PolysaccharidesChapter 7.17 - Structural PolysaccharidesChapter 7.18 - Acidic PolysaccharidesChapter 7.19 - Dietary Considerations And CarbohydratesChapter 7.20 - Glycolipids And Glycoproteins: Cell RecognitionChapter 8 - LipidsChapter 8.1 - Structure And Classification Of LipidsChapter 8.2 - Types Of Fatty AcidsChapter 8.3 - Physical Properties Of Fatty AcidsChapter 8.4 - Energy-storage Lipids: TriacylglycerolsChapter 8.5 - Dietary Considerations And TriacylglycerolsChapter 8.6 - Chemical Reactions Of TriacylglycerolsChapter 8.7 - Membrane Lipids: PhospholipidsChapter 8.8 - Membrane Lipids: SphingoglycolipidsChapter 8.9 - Membrane Lipids: CholesterolChapter 8.10 - Cell MembranesChapter 8.11 - Emulsification Lipids: Bile AcidsChapter 8.12 - Messenger Lipids: Steroid HormonesChapter 8.13 - Messenger Lipids: EicosanoidsChapter 8.14 - Protective-coating Lipids: Biological WaxesChapter 8.15 - Saponifiable And Nonsaponifiable LipidsChapter 9 - ProteinsChapter 9.1 - Characteristics Of ProteinsChapter 9.2 - Amino Acids: The Building Blocks For ProteinsChapter 9.3 - Essential Amino AcidsChapter 9.4 - Chirality And Amino AcidsChapter 9.5 - Acid-base Properties Of Amino AcidChapter 9.6 - Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino AcidChapter 9.7 - PeptidesChapter 9.8 - Biochemically Important Small PeptidesChapter 9.9 - General Structural Characteristics Of ProteinsChapter 9.10 - Primary Structure Of ProteinsChapter 9.11 - Secondary Structure Of ProteinsChapter 9.12 - Tertiary Structure Of ProteinsChapter 9.13 - Quaternary Structure Of ProteinsChapter 9.14 - Protein HydrolysisChapter 9.15 - Protein DenaturationChapter 9.16 - Protein Classification Based On ShapeChapter 9.17 - Protein Classification Based On FunctionChapter 9.18 - GlycoproteinsChapter 9.19 - LipoproteinsChapter 10 - Enzymes And VitaminsChapter 10.1 - General Characteristics Of EnzymeChapter 10.2 - Enzyme StructureChapter 10.3 - Nomenclature And Classification Of EnzymesChapter 10.4 - Models Of Enzyme ActionChapter 10.5 - Enzyme SpecificityChapter 10.6 - Factors That Affect Enzyme ActivityChapter 10.7 - ExtremozymesChapter 10.8 - Enzyme InhibitionChapter 10.9 - Regulation Of Enzyme ActivityChapter 10.10 - Prescription Drugs That Inhibit Enzyme ActivityChapter 10.11 - Medical Uses Of EnzymesChapter 10.12 - General Characteristics Of VitaminsChapter 10.13 - Water-soluble Vitamins: Vitamin CChapter 10.14 - Water-soluble Vitamins: The B VitaminsChapter 10.15 - Fat-soluble VitaminsChapter 11 - Nucleic AcidsChapter 11.1 - Types Of Nucleic AcidsChapter 11.2 - Nucleotides: Structural Building Blocks For Nucleic AcidsChapter 11.3 - Nucleotide FormationChapter 11.4 - Primary Nucleic Acid StructureChapter 11.5 - The Dna Double HelixChapter 11.6 - Replication Of Dna MoleculesChapter 11.7 - Overview Of Protein SynthesisChapter 11.8 - Ribonucleic AcidsChapter 11.9 - Transcription: Rna SynthesisChapter 11.10 - The Genetic CodeChapter 11.11 - Anticodons And Trna MoleculesChapter 11.12 - Translatio: Protein SynthesisChapter 11.13 - MutationsChapter 11.14 - Nucleic Acids And VirusesChapter 11.15 - Recombinant Dna And Genetic EngineeringChapter 11.16 - The Polymerase Chain ReactionChapter 12 - Biochemical Energy ProductionChapter 12.1 - MetabolismChapter 12.2 - Metabolism And Cell StructureChapter 12.3 - Important Nucleotide-containing Compounds In Metabolic PathwaysChapter 12.4 - Important Carboxylate Ions In Metabolic PathwaysChapter 12.5 - High-energy Phosphate CompoundsChapter 12.6 - An Overview Of Biochemical Energy ProductionChapter 12.7 - The Citric Acid CycleChapter 12.8 - The Electron Transport ChainChapter 12.9 - Oxidative PhosphorylationChapter 12.10 - Atp Production For The Common Metabolic PathwayChapter 12.11 - Non-etc Oxygen-consuming ReactionsChapter 12.12 - B Vitamins And The Common Metabolic PathwayChapter 13 - Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 13.1 - Digestion And Absorption Of CarbohydratesChapter 13.2 - GlycolysisChapter 13.3 - Fates Of PyruvateChapter 13.4 - Atp Production From The Complete Oxidation Of GlucoseChapter 13.5 - Glycogen Synthesis And DegradationChapter 13.6 - GluconeogenesisChapter 13.7 - Terminology For Glucose Metabolic PathwaysChapter 13.8 - The Pentose Phosphate PathwayChapter 13.9 - Hormonal Control Of Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 13.10 - B Vitamins And Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 14 - Lipid MetabolismChapter 14.1 - Digestion And Absorption Of LipidsChapter 14.2 - Triacylglycerol Storage And MobilizationChapter 14.3 - Glycerol MetabolismChapter 14.4 - Oxidation Of Fatty AcidsChapter 14.5 - Atp Production From Fatty Acid OxidationChapter 14.6 - Ketone Bodies And KetogenesisChapter 14.7 - Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids: LipogenesisChapter 14.8 - Relationships Between Lipogenesis And Citric Acid Cycle IntermediatesChapter 14.9 - Fate Of Fatty-acid-generated Acetyl CoaChapter 14.10 - Relationships Between Lipid And Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 14.11 - B Vitamins And Lipid MetabolismChapter 15 - Protein MetabolismChapter 15.1 - Protein Digestion And AbsorptionChapter 15.2 - Amino Acid UtilizationChapter 15.3 - Transamination And Oxidative DeaminationChapter 15.4 - The Urea CycleChapter 15.5 - Amino Acid Carbon SkeletonsChapter 15.6 - Amino Acid BiosynthesisChapter 15.7 - Hemoglobin CatabolismChapter 15.8 - Proteins And The Element SylfurChapter 15.9 - Interrelationships Among Metabolic PathwaysChapter 15.10 - B Vitamins And Protein Metabolism
Book Details
Emphasizing the applications of chemistry and minimizing complicated mathematics, GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY is written throughout to help students succeed in the course and master the biochemistry content so important to their future careers. The Sixth Edition's clear explanations, visual support, and effective pedagogy combine to make the text ideal for allied health majors. Early chapters focus on fundamental chemical principles while later chapters build on the foundations of these principles. Mathematics is introduced at point-of-use and only as needed.
Sample Solutions for this Textbook
We offer sample solutions for Organic And Biological Chemistry homework problems. See examples below:
Given statement states that the total number of organic compounds exceeds the number of inorganic...Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with no ring...Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with no ring...Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with a...Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with a...Chapter 1, Problem 1.95EPGiven cycloalkane is, The above structure is a line-angle structural formula representation. This...Chapter 1, Problem 1.107EPGiven name of cycloalkane is 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane. From the name it is understood that the...
Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen. The product of halogenation...Halogenation is a chemical reaction between a substance and halogen. The product of halogenation...Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with a...Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with a...The alkane chemical formula given is CH3Cl. On chlorination of methane, four products can be...The alkane chemical formula given is CHCl3. On chlorination of methane, four products can be...Chapter 2, Problem 2.1EPAlkenes are one of the types of unsaturated hydrocarbon. Alkenes contain double bond as the...Alkenes are one of the types of unsaturated hydrocarbon. Alkenes contain double bond as the...Given molecular formula is C6H12. Considering the general molecular formula for alkene, the value of...Given molecular formula is C4H8. Considering the general molecular formula the value of “n” is 4....Cyclolkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms with ring...Chapter 2, Problem 2.28EPGiven structure is, Carbon atoms are present at the intersection and at the end points. The above...Given structure is, Carbon atoms are present at the intersection and at the end points. The above...Given structure is, Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is not...Given structure is, Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is not...Given compound is, The longest continuous carbon chain present in the given compound is five carbon...Given compound is, The longest continuous carbon chain present in the given compound is two carbon...Chapter 2, Problem 2.110EPOxygen is a Group VIA element. Therefore, it has six valence electrons. All the elements try to...Given name of alcohol is pentyl alcohol. From the name it is identified that the alkyl group is...Given name of alcohol is butyl alcohol. From the name it is identified that the alkyl group is butyl...Given name of alcohol is 2-ethyl-1-propanol. From the name it is identified that the parent alkane...Given name of alcohol is 3-ethyl-2-butanol. From the name it is identified that the parent alkane is...Given structure of alcohol is, The longest carbon chain in the above structure with the hydroxyl...Given structure of alcohol is, The longest carbon chain in the above structure with the hydroxyl...In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is said to be decrease in C−H bonds or increase in C−O...In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is said to be decrease in C−H bonds or increase in C−O...The structure of given compound is shown below, First step is to identify the longest carbon chain....The structure of given compound is shown below, First step is to identify the longest carbon chain....Given structure of compound is CH3−(CH2)4−SH. This can be drawn in expanded form as shown below,...Given structure of compound is shown below, First step is to identify the longest continuous carbon...Given structure of compound is shown below, First step is to identify the longest carbon chain. In...Given structure of compound is shown below, First step is to identify the longest carbon chain. In...Given compound is, In the above structure, a double bond is present between the carbon and oxygen...The given name of the compound is 3-methylpentanal. From the name it is understood that the parent...The given name of the compound is 2-methylpentanal. From the name it is understood that the parent...The given name of the compound is formaldehyde. From the name it is understood that the parent...Chapter 4, Problem 4.37EPThe given name of the compound is 2-methyl-3-pentanone. From the name it is understood that the...The given name of the compound is 2-butanol. From the name it is understood that the parent carbon...The given name of the compound is propanal. From the name it is understood that the parent carbon...Aldehydes undergo Tollen’s test. The product formed when aldehyde undergo oxidation is a carboxylic...Aldehydes undergo Tollen’s test. The product formed when aldehyde undergo oxidation is a carboxylic...Aldehydes undergo Tollen’s test. The product formed when aldehyde undergo oxidation is a carboxylic...Aldehydes undergo Tollen’s test. The product formed when aldehyde undergo oxidation is a carboxylic...Reason for correct option: Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contain carbonyl...The general structure of carboxylic acid derivatives is, The atom in entity Z that is bonded to the...The general structure of carboxylic acid is, The atom in entity Z that is bonded to the carbonyl...Chapter 5, Problem 5.16EPGiven name of carboxylic acid is 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid. From the name it is identified that the...Given name of carboxylic acid is 2,3-dichlorohexanoic acid. From the name it is identified that the...Given description about the carboxylic acid is α-chlorobutyric acid. In the problem statement it is...Given description about the carboxylic acid is chloroacetic acid. In the problem statement it is...Structure of acrylic acid is, The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the...Structure of fumaric acid is, The longest continuous carbon chain has to be found out with the...Primary alcohol on oxidation gives aldehyde as intermediate product. This on further oxidation gives...Aldehyde on oxidation gives carboxylic acid as the product. The general scheme can be represented as...Given carboxylic acid salt is sodium butanoate. The structure of sodium butanoate can be given as...Given carboxylic acid salt is calcium propanoate. The structure of calcium propanoate can be given...Given carboxylic acid and alcohol structure is, The reaction between two compounds that are shown...Given carboxylic acid and alcohol structure is, The reaction between two compounds that are shown...Given name of ester is ethyl pentanoate. The structure of ethyl pentanoate can be given as, Under...Carbon is an element that belongs to group IVA in periodic table. This means the valence electrons...Given amine salt is CH3−CH2−CH2−N+H3 Cl−. The parent amine can be found by deprotonating the amine...Given amine salt is, The parent amine can be found by deprotonating the amine salt. This can be...Given reaction is, The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, propyl chloride. Sodium...Given reaction is, The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, isopropyl chloride. Sodium...Given reaction is, The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, propyl chloride. Sodium...Given reaction is, The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, isopropyl chloride. Sodium...Given reactants are trimethylamine and ethyl bromide. In this, the amine given is a tertiary amine....Given reactants are dimethylamine and propyl bromide. In this, the amine given is a secondary amine....The given name of the compound is N,N-diethylpropanamide. From the name it is understood that the...Given reaction is, In amidification process, −OH from carboxylic acid and −H from amine or ammonia...Given reaction is, In amidification process, −OH from carboxylic acid and −H from amine or ammonia...Given reaction is, In amidification process, −OH from carboxylic acid and −H from amine or ammonia...Given reaction is, In amidification process, −OH from carboxylic acid and −H from amine or ammonia...Given structure of compound is, As the nitrogen atom present in the above amide has two hydrogen...Given structure of compound is, As the nitrogen atom present in the above amide has two hydrogen...Given reaction is, The starting material is a carboxylic acid and a primary amine. The product...It is usually misconcepted that the human body contains a major part of the organic substances. The...The most of the properties of D−glucose and L−glucose are same. But the properties involving the...The most of the properties of (+)−lactic acid and (−)−lactic acid are same. But the properties...The most of the properties of (+)− glyceraldehyde and (−)− glyceraldehyde are same. But the...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, Thus, in this Haworth projection formula of the...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, Thus, in this Haworth projection formula of the...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, The open-chain form of the given Haworth...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, The open-chain form of the given Haworth...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, The open-chain form of the given Haworth...The given Haworth projection formula is shown as, The open-chain form of the given Haworth...The given monosaccharide is α−D−galactose. The open-chain structure of α−D−galactose is, The Haworth...The given monosaccharide is α−D−mannose. The open-chain structure of α−D−mannose is, The Haworth...The Fisher projection formula for D-allose is, The structure given in Problem 18-103 is, The above...The Fisher projection formula for D-allose is, The structure given in Problem 18-104 is, The above...Amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide of starch. Only one type of monosaccharide, glucose is...Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide of starch. The glycosidic linkage present in amylose is...Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide of starch. The glycosidic linkage present in amylose is...Chapter 8, Problem 8.1EPProteins are the naturally occurring organic molecules that are composed of amino acids. Amino acids...Chapter 10, Problem 10.1EPChapter 11, Problem 11.1EPThe given DNA template strand is 5' ATAT 3'. Its corresponding informational DNA strand is 3' TATA...Chapter 11, Problem 11.82EPChapter 11, Problem 11.135EPChapter 11, Problem 11.136EPChapter 11, Problem 11.137EPThe given DNA base sequence is, 3'TAT CGG5' The transcription of the above given DNA sequence forms...Chapter 12, Problem 12.1EPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: NADH and NAD+. The structure consists of...The structure of NAD+ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. ADP is a nucleotide...The structure of ATP is: The structure of FAD is: The structure of NAD+ is: Here, R=Ribose-ADP. The...Step 3 is the first step where both the oxidation and decarboxylation occurs. Step 3 involves the...In the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred from complex I and II to complex III...In the complex, I initially, NADH is oxidized and releases two electrons that reduce FMN molecule...Fe(III)SP is a structural component of the complex I and consists of iron that changes its oxidation...FMNH2 is the structural component of the complex I of the electron transport chain. Flavin...Coenzyme Q is used to transfer the electrons from the complex I, II to complex III. Coenzyme Q...Chapter 12, Problem 12.90EPComplex I consists of more than 40 structural subunits. Its structure has B-vitamin-containing...Complex II consists of four subunits in its structure. This complex interacts initially with the...Oxaloacetate undergoes condensation reaction in the first step of the citric acid cycle. The first...Chapter 13, Problem 13.1EPThe structure of fructose 6−phosphate is as follows: Here, denotes the PO32− unit. The intermediate...The structure of 2−Phosphoglycerate is as follows: Here, denotes the PO32− unit. The intermediate...In step 7 and step 10, two ATP molecules are produced in each step. Hence, in the glycolysis...The first step in the glycolysis process is the phosphorylation of glucose using ATP. Glucose is...Reason for correct choice: Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the...Reason for correct choice: In the ethanol fermentation process, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and...Reason for correct option: Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the...In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two...An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows: Lactate is converted to pyruvate in the liver....An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows: Lactate is converted to pyruvate in the liver and...B vitamin thiamin is encountered in the form of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in the carbohydrate...Chapter 14, Problem 14.1EPThe first stage of glycerol metabolism is a two-step process. In step 1, glycerol 3−phosphate is...The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix....The reaction in step 1 of a turn of the β−oxidation pathway is a dehydrogenation reaction in which...In step 1 of a turn of the β−oxidation pathway, hydrogen atoms from the α and β carbons of acyl CoA...The first stage of glycerol metabolism is a two-step process. In step 1, glycerol-3-phosphate is...The first stage of glycerol metabolism is a two-step process. In step 1, glycerol-3-phosphate is...All three processes involve four distinct reactions. The four distinct reactions involved in...Enoyl CoA is a product in step 1 of the β-oxidation pathway. Step 1 is a dehydrogenation reaction....HMG-CoA is produced in step 2 in ketogenesis. Step 2 is a condensation reaction. In step 2,...Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid...Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric...Reason for correct option: Denaturation of proteins can be effected by treatment of protein with...Glutamate is an amino acid and its structure is: α-ketoglutarate is keto acid and its structure is:...α-ketoglutarate is keto acid and its structure is: Oxaloacetate is a keto acid and its structure is:...Glutamate is an amino acid and its structure is: Aspartate is an amino acid and its structure is:...In both transamination and oxidative deamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino...Oxaloacetate is a keto acid. In both transamination and oxidative deamination reaction exchange of...The structure of oxaloacetate is: Oxaloacetate contains both a carbonyl group and a carboxyl...Ornithine is a nonstandard amino acid and accepts the entering carbamoyl phosphate group at the...Carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate are fuel for the urea cycle. The structure of carbamoyl phosphate...Coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate...Coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) contains the B vitamin riboflavin in its structure....
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Organic and Biological Chemistry
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