Organic And Biological Chemistry
Organic And Biological Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305081079
Author: STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)
Publisher: Cengage Learning,
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Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 15.115EP

B vitamin niacin is involved as a cofactor in the process of oxidative deamination and in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) contain the B vitamin niacin.

Oxidative deamination reaction of glutamate requires dehydrogenase enzyme. It is an oxidoreductase enzyme and works with either NADP+ and NAD+ coenzyme. It oxidizes glutamate by reducing the coenzyme used.

The oxidative deamination reaction of glutamate amino acid is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP , additional homework tip  1

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is also involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP , additional homework tip  2

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin folate is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 15.115EP

B vitamin folate is involved as a cofactor in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme tetrahydrofolate (THF) contains the B vitamin folate. Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP , additional homework tip  3

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin biotin is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 15.115EP

B vitamin biotin is involved as a cofactor in carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Biotin is involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to CAC intermediates. An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP , additional homework tip  4

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To indicate whether B vitamin vitamin B6 is involved as a cofactor in the processes of (1) transamination, (2) oxidative deamination, (3) urea cycle, (4) carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, or (5) carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Concept introduction:

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. The coenzymes containing B-vitamin serve as temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in the redox and group transfer reactions associated with the metabolism of ingested food in order to obtain energy from the food.

Transamination reaction is a biochemical reaction that involves the transfer of an amino group. In transamination reaction exchange of an amino group from an α-amino acid with a keto group of α-keto acid. There occurs no net loss or gain of amino acid in transamination reaction.

A biochemical reaction in which an α-amino acid is converted into α-keto acid along with the release of an ammonium ion is known as oxidative deamination reaction.

A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The reactants in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate are ammonium ion, water, and carbon dioxide. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.

There are 20 standard amino acids. Each amino acid has a different carbon skeleton and has a different degradation pathway for its carbon skeleton.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 15.115EP

Vitamin B6 is involved as a cofactor in transamination reaction, carbon skeleton degradation to CAC intermediates, and in carbon skeleton degradation to non-CAC intermediates.

Explanation of Solution

Coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) contains the B vitamin vitamin B6 in its structure.

Transamination reaction involves a simple transfer of amino groups but the overall reaction occurs in several steps and also requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP). pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) is a coenzyme produced from pyridoxine (vitamin B6). The first step of transamination reaction involves the transfer of the amino group to the coenzyme pyridoxine which then transferred to α-keto acid.

Coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate(PLP) is also involved in the carbon skeleton degradation pathway to non-CAC and CAC intermediates.

An overview of the B vitamin participations in the degradation pathways for the carbon skeletons of the 20 standard amino acids is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 15, Problem 15.115EP , additional homework tip  5

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Chapter 15 Solutions

Organic And Biological Chemistry

Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 4QQCh. 15.3 - Prob. 5QQCh. 15.3 - Prob. 6QQCh. 15.4 - Prob. 1QQCh. 15.4 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.4 - Prob. 3QQCh. 15.4 - Prob. 4QQCh. 15.4 - Prob. 5QQCh. 15.4 - In the urea cycle, the urea-producing step...Ch. 15.5 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 15.5 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.5 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 15.5 - Prob. 4QQCh. 15.6 - Prob. 1QQCh. 15.6 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.6 - Prob. 3QQCh. 15.7 - Prob. 1QQCh. 15.7 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.7 - In the degradation of heme, which of the following...Ch. 15.7 - In the degradation of heme, the iron atom present...Ch. 15.8 - In degradation of the sulfur-containing amino acid...Ch. 15.8 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.8 - Prob. 3QQCh. 15.8 - Prob. 4QQCh. 15.9 - Prob. 1QQCh. 15.9 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.9 - Prob. 3QQCh. 15.10 - Transamination reactions require the cofactor PLP...Ch. 15.10 - Prob. 2QQCh. 15.10 - Prob. 3QQCh. 15 - Prob. 15.1EPCh. 15 - Indicate whether each of the following aspects of...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.3EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.4EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.5EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.6EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.7EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.8EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.9EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.10EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.11EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.12EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.13EPCh. 15 - Indicate whether each of the following statements...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.15EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.16EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.17EPCh. 15 - What are the four major uses for amino acids...Ch. 15 - With the help of Table 26-1, classify each of the...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.20EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.21EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.22EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.23EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.24EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.25EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.26EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.27EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.28EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.29EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.30EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.31EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.32EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.33EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.34EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.35EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.36EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.37EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.38EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.39EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.40EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.41EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.42EPCh. 15 - Draw the structure of the -keto acid produced from...Ch. 15 - Draw the structure of the -keto acid produced from...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.45EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.46EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.47EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.48EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.49EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.50EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.51EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.52EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.53EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.54EPCh. 15 - What is a carbamoyl group?Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.56EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.57EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.58EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.59EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.60EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.61EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.62EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.63EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.64EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.65EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.66EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.67EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.68EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.69EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.70EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.71EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.72EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.73EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.74EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.75EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.76EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.77EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.78EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.79EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.80EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.81EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.82EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.83EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.84EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.85EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.86EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.87EPCh. 15 - What is the starting material for the biosynthesis...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.89EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.90EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.91EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.92EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.93EPCh. 15 - What are the structural differences between...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.95EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.96EPCh. 15 - Which bile pigment is responsible for the yellow...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.98EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.99EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.100EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.101EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.102EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.103EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.104EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.105EPCh. 15 - Indicate whether each of the following statements...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.107EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.108EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.109EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.110EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.111EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.112EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.113EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.114EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.115EPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.116EP
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