
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of covalent bonds that oxygen atom can form in an organic compound has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
All the atoms try to attain the octet configuration. They either gain or lose electrons, or share the electrons to get the stable octet structure. Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the atoms.
(a)

Answer to Problem 3.1EP
Oxygen can form two covalent bonds.
Explanation of Solution
Oxygen is a Group VIA element. Therefore, it has six valence electrons. All the elements try to attain the stable octet configuration either by losing, gaining or sharing the valence electrons. Oxygen is short of two electrons in order to obtain the octet configuration. Therefore, oxygen forms two bonds.
Oxygen is found to form two covalent bonds in organic compounds.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of covalent bonds that Hydrogen atom can form in an organic compound has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
All the atoms try to attain the octet configuration. They either gain or lose electrons, or share the electrons to get the stable octet structure. Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the atoms.
(b)

Answer to Problem 3.1EP
Hydrogen can form one covalent bond.
Explanation of Solution
Hydrogen is a Group IA element. Therefore, it has only one valence electron. All the elements try to attain the stable octet configuration either by losing, gaining or sharing the valence electrons. Hydrogen is short of one electron in order to obtain the complete shell configuration. Therefore, hydrogen forms one covalent bond.
Hydrogen is found to form one covalent bond in organic compounds.
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of covalent bonds that carbon atom can form in an organic compound has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
All the atoms try to attain the octet configuration. They either gain or lose electrons, or share the electrons to get the stable octet structure. Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the atoms.
(c)

Answer to Problem 3.1EP
Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
Explanation of Solution
Carbon is a Group IVA element. Therefore, it has four valence electrons. All the elements try to attain the stable octet configuration either by losing, gaining or sharing the valence electrons. Carbon is short of four electrons in order to obtain the octet configuration. Therefore, carbon forms four covalent bonds.
Carbon is found to form four covalent bonds in organic compounds.
(d)
Interpretation:
The number of covalent bonds that halogen atom can form in an organic compound has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
All the atoms try to attain the octet configuration. They either gain or lose electrons, or share the electrons to get the stable octet structure. Covalent bonds are formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the atoms.
(d)

Answer to Problem 3.1EP
Halogen can form one covalent bond.
Explanation of Solution
Halogens are present in Group VIIA of periodic table. Therefore, it has seven valence electrons. All the elements try to attain the stable octet configuration either by losing, gaining or sharing the valence electrons. Halogens are in short of one electron in order to obtain the octet configuration. Therefore, halogens form one covalent bond.
Halogens are found to form one covalent bond in organic compounds.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Organic And Biological Chemistry
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