The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

Question

Some of the theories used to describe interface structure can be distinguished by:1. the measured potential difference.2. the distribution of ions in solution.3. the calculation of charge density.4. the external Helmoltz plane.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

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Some of the theories used to describe interface structure can be distinguished by:1. the measured potential difference.2. the distribution of ions in solution.3. the calculation of charge density.4. the external Helmoltz plane.

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Using the following two half-reactions, determine the pH range in which $NO_2^-\ (aq)$ cannot be found as the predominant chemical species in water.* $NO_3^-(aq)+10H^+(aq)+8e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+3H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=14.88$* $NO_2^-(aq)+8H^+(aq)+6e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+2H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=15.08$

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 3.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alcohols undergo halogenation reaction to give halogenated product. Alcohols on halogenation gives halogenated product in which the hydroxyl group present in the alcohol is substituted by the halogen. Phosphorous trihalides are useful in producing alkyl halides from alcohols. The general reaction can be given as,

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

In organic chemistry, oxidation reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds increase and/or number of C−H bonds decrease.

In organic chemistry, reduction reaction is referred to the number C−O bonds decrease and/or number of C−H bonds increase.

Alcohols do undergo oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. This depends upon the number of hydrogen atoms that is bonded to the alpha carbon atom. Primary and secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction while tertiary alcohol does not undergo oxidation reaction. Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to give aldehyde and carboxylic acid as product. Secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to give ketone as the product.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of predominant organic product that is formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction is the loss of water from a single reactant. Alcohol undergoes dehydration reaction to form alkene. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst for hydration of alkene at room temperature. The same sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent when treated with alcohol at high temperature. If the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature, the loss of water molecule takes place from two molecule of reactant. This results in the formation of ether. Primary alcohol when treated with sulfuric acid at lower temperature (140 °C) gives ether as the product while secondary and primary alcohol gives alkene as the main product in good yield.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 1QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the structure of the predominant organic product formed in the given reaction.

Chapter 3 Solutions