Chapter 14, Problem 14.106EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate succinate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Answer to Problem 14.106EP

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.

Explanation of Solution

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

The structure of succinate is,

The structure of butyrate is,

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. butyrate is a monoacid formed as intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid formed as intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate malate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer to Problem 14.106EP

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.

Explanation of Solution

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of malate is,

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

Malate and β-hydroxybutyrate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle whileβ-hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer to Problem 14.106EP

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

Oxaloacetate and acetoacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle while acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. Therefore, the lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate fumarate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer to Problem 14.106EP

The lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate fumarate is crotonate.

Explanation of Solution

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

Fumarate and crotonate are the unsaturated derivatives of the carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the citric acid cycle intermediate while crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the lipogenesis intermediate. Therefore, the lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C₄-diacid intermediate fumarate is crotonate.