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(a)
Interpretation:
Whether crotonate, a C4 species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Here, R and R’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R1, R2, R3, and R4 can be the same or different or can be hydrogen.
Keto acid has a
A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether oxaloacetate, a C4 species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:
Here, R and R’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R1, R2, R3, and R4 can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.
Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.
A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether acetoacetate, a C4 species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:
Here, R and R’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R1, R2, R3, and R4 can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.
Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.
A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether malate, a C4 species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:
Here, R and R’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R1, R2, R3, and R4 can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.
Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.
A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Organic And Biological Chemistry
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