
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation : The given pairs of atoms have to be arranged in order of increasing bond polarity and the trend is to be described.
Concept Introduction :
The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity. Chemists have assigned each
(a)

Answer to Problem 3E
Bond polarities of given pairs of atoms are:
Li-F: 3.0
Na-F: 3.05
K-F: 3.16
Rb-F: 3.16
Cs-F: 3.19
Based on the bond polarities, the given pairs can be arranged as:
Li-F< Na-F< K-F<Rb-F< Cs-F
Trend- The bond polarity increases from top to bottom of the periodic table.
Explanation of Solution
The electronegativity scale is used to compare individual atoms. Atoms that are more electronegative attract bonded electrons more strongly than atoms with less electronegative value. This results in formation of a polar bond. As the difference in electronegativity increases, the bond polarity increases.
Li-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of lithium is 0.98 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.98=3.0
Na-F-From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of sodium is 0.93 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.93=3.05
K-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of potassium is 0.82 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.82=3.16
Rb-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of rubidium is 0.82 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.82=3.16
Cs-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of cesium is 0.79 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.79=3.19
Trend- From the electronegativity values of metals, one see that the scale increase from bottom to top of the periodic table.Since all these metals are bonding with fluorine, the difference in their electronegativities increases from top to bottom. Hence, the bond polarity of Cs-F is highest and that of Li-F is lowest. This can be represented as:
Li-F< Na-F< K-F<Rb-F< Cs-F
(b)
Interpretation : The given pairs of atoms needs to be arranged in order of increasing bond polarity and the trend is to be described.
Concept Introduction :
The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity. Chemists have assigned each atom a number called electronegativity value. This number represents the tendency of the atom to attract shared electrons. By comparing these numbers we can compare the polarity of bonds.
(b)

Answer to Problem 3E
Bond polarities of given pairs of atoms are:
Mg-O: 2.13
P-S: 0.39
N-F: 0.94
K-Cl: 2.34
Al-N: 1.43
Based on the bond polarities, the given pairs can be arranged as:
P-S< N-F< Al-N< Mg-O< K-Cl
Trend- The bond polarity increases with increase in distance between elements on the periodic table. The more closer the elements are on the periodic table, the least strong will be the bond.
Explanation of Solution
The electronegativity scale is used to compare individual atoms. Atoms that are more electronegative attract bonded electrons more strongly than atoms with less electronegative value. This results in formation of a polar bond. As the difference in electronegativity increases the bond polarity increases.
Mg-O- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of magnesium is 1.31 and oxygen is 3.44. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.44-1.31=2.13
P-S-From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of phosphorus is 2.19 and sulfur is 2.58. Difference in electronegativity value= 2.58-2.19=0.39
N-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of nitrogen is 3.04 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-3.04=0.94
K-Cl- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of potassium is 0.82 and chlorine is 3.16. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.16-0.82=2.34
Al-N- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of aluminium is 1.61 and nitrogen is 3.04. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.04-1.61=1.43
Trend- From the electronegativity values of atoms, we see that the closer the atoms are on the scale, the lesser is the bond polarity and farther they are, greater is the bond polarity as the difference in electronegativity value is more when the elements are farther apart. Hence, the bond polarity of K-Clis highest and that of P-Sis lowest. This can be represented as:
P-S< N-F< Al-N< Mg-O< K-Cl
Chapter U2 Solutions
Living By Chemistry: First Edition Textbook
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
- S: Using a phase diagram leksogi/x/sl.exe/1ou-IgNs kr 7j8P3jH-IQs_pBan HhvTCeeBZbufuBYTI0Hz7m7D3ZdHYU+80XL-5alyVp O States of Matter Using a phase diagram to find a phase transition temperature or pressure se the phase diagram of Substance X below to find the boiling point of X when the pressure on the liquid is 1.6 atm. pressure (atm) 32- 16- solid liquid 0. gas 100 200 temperature (K) 300 Note: your answer must be within 12.5 °C of the exact answer to be graded correct. 10 Explanation Check § Q Search J 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Researrow_forward151.2 254.8 85.9 199.6 241.4 87.6 242.5 186.4 155.8 257.1 242.9 253.3 256.0 216.6 108.7 239.0 149.7 236.4 152.1 222.7 148.7 278.2 268.7 234.4 262.7 283.2 143.6 QUESTION: Using this group of data on salt reduced tomato sauce concentration readings answer the following questions: 1. 95% Cl Confidence Interval (mmol/L) 2. [Na+] (mg/100 mL) 3. 95% Na+ Confidence Interval (mg/100 mL)arrow_forwardResults Search Results Best Free Coursehero Unloc xb Success Confirmation of Q x O Google Pas alekscgi/x/lsl.exe/1o_u-IgNslkr 7j8P3jH-IQs_pBanHhvlTCeeBZbufu BYTI0Hz7m7D3ZcHYUt80XL-5alyVpwDXM TEZayFYCavJ17dZtpxbFD0Qggd1J O States of Matter Using a phase diagram to find a phase transition temperature or pressure Gabr 3/5 he pressure above a pure sample of solid Substance X at 101. °C is lowered. At what pressure will the sample sublime? Use the phase diagram of X below to nd your answer. pressure (atm) 24- 12 solid liquid gas 200 400 temperature (K) 600 ote: your answer must be within 0.15 atm of the exact answer to be graded correct. atm Thanation Check © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center I Q Search L³ ملةarrow_forward
- 301.7 348.9 193.7 308.6 339.5 160.6 337.7 464.7 223.5 370.5 326.6 327.5 336.1 317.9 203.8 329.8 221.9 331.7 211.7 309.6 223.4 353.7 334.6 305.6 340.0 304.3 244.7 QUESTION: Using this group of data on regular tomato sauce concentration readings answer the following questions: 1. 95% Cl Confidence Interval (mmol/L) 2. [Na+] (mg/100 mL) 3. 95% Na+ Confidence Interval (mg/100 mL)arrow_forwardSearch Results Search Results Best Free Coursehero Unlo x b Success Confirmation of Q aleks.com/alekscgi/x/sl.exe/10_u-lgNslkr7j8P3jH-IQs_pBan HhvlTCeeBZbufu BYTIOHz7m7D3ZcHYUt80XL-5alyVpwDXM TEZayFYCav States of Matter Using a phase diagram to find a phase transition temperature or pressure Use the phase diagram of Substance X below to find the temperature at which X turns to a gas, if the pressure above the solid is 3.7 atm. pressure (atm) 0. 32- 16 solid liquid gas 200 temperature (K) Note: your answer must be within 20 °C of the exact answer to be graded correct. Дос Xarrow_forwardConsider the reaction below to answer the following questions: Acetoacetic ester can be prepared by the Claisen self-condensation reaction of ethyl acetate. 1. NaOEt, EtOH H&C OCH CH3 2 H30 H3C CH2 OCH2CH3 A. Write the complete stepwise mechanism for this reaction. Show all electron flow with arrows and draw all intermediate structures. B. Ethyl acetate can be prepared from ethanol as the only organic starting material. Show all reagents and structures for all intermediates in this preparation. C. Give the structures of the ester precursors for the following Claisen condensation product and formulate the reaction. OEtarrow_forward
- Use the phase diagram of Substance X below to find the temperature at which X turns to a gas, if the pressure above the solid is 3.7 atm. pressure (atm) 32 16 solid liquid gas 0 0 200 temperature (K) Note: your answer must be within 20 °C of the exact answer to be graded correct. Шос ☑ كarrow_forwardStarting from bromoethane, how could you prepare the following compounds: a. Ethanol. b. Acetaldehyde f. Acetone. e. 2-Propanol i. Acetoacetic ester. d. 2-Bromoacetic acid. c. Acetic acid g. Acetamide. j. Ethylmalonate k. Gama ketoacid. h. Ethyl magnesium bromide.arrow_forward- The pressure above a pure sample of solid Substance X at 60. °C is raised. At what pressure will the sample melt? Use the phase diagram of X below to find your answer. pressure (atm) 02 0.4 solid Hliquid gas 0 0 200 400 600 temperature (K) Note: your answer must be within 0.025 atm of the exact answer to be graded correct. ☐ atmarrow_forward
- 15. What is the order of decreasing reactivity towards nucleophilic acyl substitution for the carboxylic acid derivatives? (most reactive first) 0 O H3C COC CH3 H₂C C N(CH3)2 H3C C OCH3 A. a. I, 11, 111, b. I, III, IV, II C. II, IV, III, I ° (CH3)2CH C OCH3 IV d. II, I, III, IV B. R COCR 0 0 0 13= RC NH2 RC OR RC CI === IV a. I, III, II, IV b. II, III, I, IV C. III, II, I, IV d. IV, I, III, IIarrow_forwardDraw the formula of the product obtained by reacting D-Tallose with bromine water.arrow_forwardChoose the best reagent(s) for carrying out the following conversions from the list below. Place the letter corresponding to the best choice in the blank to the left of the conversion. a. KMnO4, H3O+ b. Tollens' Reagent [oxidizing reagent] C. NaBH4, ethanol d. 1. BH3 2. H3O+ e. 1. CH3MgBr, ether 2. H3O+ f. CrO3, H2SO4, H₂O g. 1. Mg, ether 2. CO2 3. H3O+ h. 1. NaCN 2. H2SO4, H2, heat i. O3, then Zn and HOAC j. CH₂I A. B. C. CH CH=CHCH2COOH Br CEN CH COOH + HOOCCH COOH COOH 010 CH3arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY





