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A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing pharmaceuticals has a 5-mm-thick stainless steel wall
(a) The exterior surface of the vessel is exposed to ambient air
(b) Explore the effect of varying the convection coefficient on transient thermal conditions within the reactor.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Introduction to Heat Transfer
- A certain material has the Helmoltz free energy given as: 3 V F(T,V,n) = –nRT Ln|CTZ nRT + na Where a, b, and C are constants. Calculate the following quantities as a function of T, V, and n. 1- Entropy 2- Pressure 3- Internal energy 4- Chemical potential 5- Enthalpy 6- Gibbs free energy 7-Heat capacity at constant volume 8- Heat capacity at constant pressurearrow_forward2. Two insulated cylinders A and B with volumes VA = 2.0 m³ and VB = 5.8 m³ contain chlorine gas at different pressures and temperatures. The cylinders are insulated (no heat is lost to or gained from the outside) and connected by a valve. Initially, the valve is) closed and the gas in the two cylinders has the following values: PA = 4.0x105 N/m², TA = 210 K, PB = 2.5x105 N/m², TB = 580 K. The valve is opened to allow the contents in the two cylinders to mix until the pressure equalizes. valve B a. Assuming there is no change in the temperatures of the containers themselves, determine the final temperature of the gas in the two cylinders. The atomic mass of chlorine gas is 35.4527 u. (1 u = 1.67377x1027 kg) b. Determine the final pressure?arrow_forwardA gas whose composition is not known has 42.2kJ of paddle work input at constant volume of 566L. Initially, P1=158kPaa, T1 = 29.7oC; finally, T2=92.2oC. What is ΔU and Q if k=1.21? concert Celsius to kelvinarrow_forward
- 1. Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion process as shown in Figure. A 50 pv1:3 = C 0.2 0.4 0.8 V, m3 →p, bar 8arrow_forward0.25kg/s of Carbon Dioxide (R = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.289) undergo a certain process in a close system from initial volume and temperature of 268cm^3 and 134K to a final volume and temperature of 804cm^3 and 402K respectively. From the data given, perform necessary analysis in determining the type of process to further solve the following questions as follow: a. Work done by/on the system (kJ/s) b. Change in Entropy (kW/K) c. Heat added/rejected by the system (kJ/s)arrow_forwardA closed piston-cylinder device contains 0.120 kmol of an ideal gas (cp^=4R) at 35 C. the gas is isobarically expanded to double its initial volume by supplying 1975 kj of electric work. a/ calculate the heat interaction term, Q12 (kJ).arrow_forward
- A radiator by steam is used to heat a closed room. Heat is lost from the room to the outside at a rate of heat transfer by Newton Law. The outside temperature of the room is 5 C and dimensions of room are 3 mx 4 m × 5 m. Saturated steam at 4.0 bar condenses in the radiator and emerges as a liquid at the saturation temperature. The temperature inside the room at the initial radiator is turned on is 18 C. The overall heat transfer coefficient between inside and outside room is 28 W/m² C. The heat capacity of air to be constant is 36 J/(mol C). (a) Write a differential energy balance on the room air. (b) Integrate the unsteady-state balance to calculate the time required to achieve a temperature of 22 C.arrow_forwardAt the end explain the relationships between system constants R, C,, and C₂ when a certain perfect gas is heated at constant pressure from (15+A)°C to 95°C, the heat required is1136kJ/kg. When the same gas is heated at a constant volume between the same temperature the heat required is 808kJ/kg.arrow_forwardUsing 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics for irreversible expansion of Krypton: Krypton (ideal monatomic gas) is confined in one-fourth of a 48-litre container. The other part of the container is evacuated. When the partition is removed, the gas expands and fills the whole container, while the system loses 400J of heat to the environment at 290K. It is found that in the final state, the Krypton is at p2 = 5.5bar, T2 = 400K. Is this process possible or not? (?k?????? = 83.8 kg/kmol)arrow_forward
- Suppose we have a piece of a candy bar that has an initial mass of 28g. If we ignite the piece of candy bar (literally burn it), and it increases the temperature of 285.23g of water from 18.95°C to 77.43°C, how many calories per gram of energy did the candy bar provide if the final mass of the marshmallow is 4.45? Note: 1.00 cal = 4.184 J. Give your answer in units of cal/g.arrow_forwardIt is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil tanker, because each liter of crude oil releases 2.80×10^7 J of energy when burned. To illustrate this difficulty, calculate the number of liters of water that must be expended to absorb the energy released by burning 1.00 L of crude oil, if the water has its temperature raised from 23.5 °C to 100 °C, it boils, and the resulting steam is raised to 315 °C. Use 4186 J/(kg·°C) for the specific heat of water and 2020 J/(kg·°C) for the specific heat of steam.arrow_forwardI need the answer quicklyarrow_forward
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