Concept explainers
Videos
(a)
Interpretation : The given pairs of atoms have to be arranged in order of increasing bond polarity and the trend is to be described.
Concept Introduction :
The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity. Chemists have assigned each
(a)
Answer to Problem 3E
Bond polarities of given pairs of atoms are:
Li-F: 3.0
Na-F: 3.05
K-F: 3.16
Rb-F: 3.16
Cs-F: 3.19
Based on the bond polarities, the given pairs can be arranged as:
Li-F< Na-F< K-F<Rb-F< Cs-F
Trend- The bond polarity increases from top to bottom of the periodic table.
Explanation of Solution
The electronegativity scale is used to compare individual atoms. Atoms that are more electronegative attract bonded electrons more strongly than atoms with less electronegative value. This results in formation of a polar bond. As the difference in electronegativity increases, the bond polarity increases.
Li-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of lithium is 0.98 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.98=3.0
Na-F-From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of sodium is 0.93 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.93=3.05
K-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of potassium is 0.82 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.82=3.16
Rb-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of rubidium is 0.82 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.82=3.16
Cs-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of cesium is 0.79 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-0.79=3.19
Trend- From the electronegativity values of metals, one see that the scale increase from bottom to top of the periodic table.Since all these metals are bonding with fluorine, the difference in their electronegativities increases from top to bottom. Hence, the bond polarity of Cs-F is highest and that of Li-F is lowest. This can be represented as:
Li-F< Na-F< K-F<Rb-F< Cs-F
(b)
Interpretation : The given pairs of atoms needs to be arranged in order of increasing bond polarity and the trend is to be described.
Concept Introduction :
The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity. Chemists have assigned each atom a number called electronegativity value. This number represents the tendency of the atom to attract shared electrons. By comparing these numbers we can compare the polarity of bonds.
(b)
Answer to Problem 3E
Bond polarities of given pairs of atoms are:
Mg-O: 2.13
P-S: 0.39
N-F: 0.94
K-Cl: 2.34
Al-N: 1.43
Based on the bond polarities, the given pairs can be arranged as:
P-S< N-F< Al-N< Mg-O< K-Cl
Trend- The bond polarity increases with increase in distance between elements on the periodic table. The more closer the elements are on the periodic table, the least strong will be the bond.
Explanation of Solution
The electronegativity scale is used to compare individual atoms. Atoms that are more electronegative attract bonded electrons more strongly than atoms with less electronegative value. This results in formation of a polar bond. As the difference in electronegativity increases the bond polarity increases.
Mg-O- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of magnesium is 1.31 and oxygen is 3.44. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.44-1.31=2.13
P-S-From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of phosphorus is 2.19 and sulfur is 2.58. Difference in electronegativity value= 2.58-2.19=0.39
N-F- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of nitrogen is 3.04 and fluorine is 3.98. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.98-3.04=0.94
K-Cl- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of potassium is 0.82 and chlorine is 3.16. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.16-0.82=2.34
Al-N- From the electronegativity scale, electronegativity value of aluminium is 1.61 and nitrogen is 3.04. Difference in electronegativity value= 3.04-1.61=1.43
Trend- From the electronegativity values of atoms, we see that the closer the atoms are on the scale, the lesser is the bond polarity and farther they are, greater is the bond polarity as the difference in electronegativity value is more when the elements are farther apart. Hence, the bond polarity of K-Clis highest and that of P-Sis lowest. This can be represented as:
P-S< N-F< Al-N< Mg-O< K-Cl
Chapter U2 Solutions
Living by Chemistry
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
- Phenol is the starting material for the synthesis of 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol, known al-ternatively as pentachlorophenol, or more simply as penta. At one time, penta was widely used as a wood preservative for decks, siding, and outdoor wood furniture. Draw the structural formula for pentachlorophenol and describe its synthesis from phenol.arrow_forward12 Mass Spectrometry (d) This unknown contains oxygen, but it does not show any significant infrared absorption peaks above 3000 cm . 59 100- BO 40 Relative Abundance M(102) - 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 mizarrow_forwardDraw a Haworth projection of a common cyclic form of this monosaccharide: H HO H HO H HO H H -OH CH2OH Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Х : Darrow_forward
- : Draw the structure of valylasparagine, a dipeptide made from valine and asparagine, as it would appear at physiological pH. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. P Darrow_forwardDraw the Haworth projection of α-L-mannose. You will find helpful information in the ALEKS Data resource. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. : ཊི Х Darrow_forwardDraw the structure of serine at pH 6.8. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. : d كarrow_forward
- Take a look at this molecule, and then answer the questions in the table below it. CH2OH H H H OH OH OH CH2OH H H H H OH H H OH H OH Is this a reducing sugar? yes α β ロ→ロ no ☑ yes Does this molecule contain a glycosidic bond? If you said this molecule does contain a glycosidic bond, write the symbol describing it. O no 0+0 If you said this molecule does contain a glycosidic bond, write the common names (including anomer and enantiomer labels) of the molecules that would be released if that bond were hydrolyzed. If there's more than one molecule, separate each name with a comma. ☐arrow_forwardAnswer the questions in the table below about this molecule: H₂N-CH₂ -C—NH–CH–C—NH–CH—COO- CH3 CH CH3 What kind of molecule is this? 0= CH2 C If you said the molecule is a peptide, write a description of it using 3-letter codes separated ☐ by dashes. polysaccharide peptide amino acid phospolipid none of the above Хarrow_forwardDraw a Haworth projection of a common cyclic form of this monosaccharide: CH₂OH C=O HO H H -OH H OH CH₂OH Click and drag to start drawing a structure. : ☐ Х S '☐arrow_forward
- Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 22.30 Predict all possible products formed from the following nucleophilic substitution reactions. (a) (b) 9 1. NaOH 2. HCI, H₂O CI NH₁(!) +NaNH, -33°C 1. NaOH 2. HCl, H₂Oarrow_forwardSyntheses 22.35 Show how to convert toluene to these compounds. (a) -CH,Br (b) Br- -CH3 22.36 Show how to prepare each compound from 1-phenyl-1-propanone. 1-Phenyl-1-propanone ہتی. Br. (b) Br (racemic) 22.37 Show how to convert ethyl benzene to (a) 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid and (b) 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. 22.38 Show reagents and conditions to bring about the following conversions. (a) 9 NH2 8 CO₂H NH2 CO₂Et (d) NO2 NH2 S NH₂ NO2 CHS CHarrow_forwardive the major organic product(s) of each of the following reactions or sequences of reactions. Show all rant stereochemistry. [10 only] A. B. NaN3 1. LiAlH4, ether Br 2. H₂O CH3 HNO3 H₂/Pt H₂SO ethanol C. 0 0 CH3CC1 NaOH NHCCH AICI H₂O . NH₂ CH3CH2 N CH2CH3 + HCI CH₂CH 3 1. LIAIH, THE 2. H₂Oarrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY