
Interpretation:
The tetrahedron shape of CH4 molecule and the similarities with NH3 and H2O needs to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Hybridization of an atom indicates the molecular geometry of a molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
The molecular geometry of molecules with lone pair on central atom is given by the VSEPR theory.

Answer to Problem 9E
All these three molecules have the same type of hybridization and should have tetrahedral geometry but due to the presence of lone pairs on the central atom, the molecular geometry changes to a pyramidal and bent shape.
Explanation of Solution
For Lewis structure of CH4 molecule, calculate total number of valence electrons:
CH4 molecule = 4 electrons in C + 4 × 1 valence electrons in H = 8 electrons
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
Hybridization of C atom = 4 + 0 = 4 = sp3
Thus, with sp3 hybridization, the molecular shape must be tetrahedral and must be fit in a tetrahedron.
For Lewis structure of NH3 molecule, calculate total number of valence electrons:
NH3 molecule = 5 electrons in N + 3 × 1 valence electrons in H = 8 electrons
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
Hybridization of N atom = 3 + 1 = 4 = sp3
Thus, with sp3 hybridization, the molecular shape must be tetrahedral but due to the presence of lone pair on the central N atom, the geometry alters to trigonal pyramidal shape.
For Lewis structure of H2O molecule, calculate total number of valence electrons:
H2O molecule = 6 electrons in O + 1 × 2 valence electrons in H = 8 electrons
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
Hybridization of O atom = 2 + 2 = 4 = sp3
Thus, with sp3 hybridization, the molecular shape must be tetrahedral but due to the presence of two lone pairs on the central O atom, the geometry alters to a bent shape.
Although all these three molecules have same type of hybridization and should have tetrahedral geometry but due to presence of lone pairs on central atom, the molecular geometry changes to pyramidal and bent shape.
Chapter U2 Solutions
Living by Chemistry
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (9th Edition)
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System (5th Edition)
Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
- Review of this week's reaction: H2NCN (cyanamide) + CH3NHCH2COOH (sarcosine) + NaCl, NH4OH, H2O ----> H2NC(=NH)N(CH3)CH2COOH (creatine) Q7. Draw by hand the reaction of creatine synthesis listed above using line structures without showing the Cs and some of the Hs, but include the lone pairs of electrons wherever they apply. (4 pts) Q8. Considering the Zwitterion form of an amino acid, draw the Zwitterion form of Creatine. (2 pts) Q9. Explain with drawing why the C—N bond shown in creatine structure below can or cannot rotate. (3 pts)arrow_forwardWould the following organic synthesis occur in one step? Add any missing products, required catalysts, inorganic reagents, and other important conditions. Please include a detailed explanation and drawings showing how the reaction may occur in one step.arrow_forwardPlease help me answer a. Please and thank you I advance.arrow_forward
- Draw both of the chair flips for both the cis and trans isomers for the following compounds: 1,4-diethylcyclohexane 1-methyl-3-secbutylcyclohexanearrow_forwardPpplllleeeaaasssseeee hellppp wiithhh thisss physical chemistryyyyy I talked like this because AI is very annoyingarrow_forwardFor this question, if the product is racemic, input both enantiomers in the same Marvin editor. A) Input the number that corresponds to the reagent which when added to (E)-but-2-ene will result in a racemic product. Input 1 for Cl, in the cold and dark Input 2 for Oy followed by H₂O, Zn Input 3 for D₂ with metal catalyst Input 4 for H₂ with metal catalyst B) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product made from the reagent in part A Marvin JS Help Edit drawing C) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product formed when (2)-but-2-ene is treated with peroxyacetic acid. Marvin 35 Helparrow_forward
- Michael Reactions 19.52 Draw the products from the following Michael addition reactions. 1. H&C CH (a) i 2. H₂O* (b) OEt (c) EtO H₂NEt (d) ΕΙΟ + 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O' H H 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O*arrow_forwardRank the labeled protons (Ha-Hd) in order of increasing acidity, starting with the least acidic. НОН НЬ OHd Онсarrow_forwardCan the target compound at right be efficiently synthesized in good yield from the unsubstituted benzene at left? ? starting material target If so, draw a synthesis below. If no synthesis using reagents ALEKS recognizes is possible, check the box under the drawing area. Be sure you follow the standard ALEKS rules for submitting syntheses. + More... Note for advanced students: you may assume that you are using a large excess of benzene as your starting material. C :0 T Add/Remove step Garrow_forward
- The following equations represent the formation of compound MX. What is the AH for the electron affinity of X (g)? X₂ (g) → 2X (g) M (s) → M (g) M (g) M (g) + e- AH = 60 kJ/mol AH = 22 kJ/mol X (g) + e-X (g) M* (g) +X (g) → MX (s) AH = 118 kJ/mol AH = ? AH = -190 kJ/mol AH = -100 kJ/mol a) -80 kJ b) -30 kJ c) -20 kJ d) 20 kJ e) 156 kJarrow_forwardA covalent bond is the result of the a) b) c) d) e) overlap of two half-filled s orbitals overlap of a half-filled s orbital and a half-filled p orbital overlap of two half-filled p orbitals along their axes parallel overlap of two half-filled parallel p orbitals all of the abovearrow_forwardCan the target compound at right be efficiently synthesized in good yield from the unsubstituted benzene at left? starting material target If so, draw a synthesis below. If no synthesis using reagents ALEKS recognizes is possible, check the box under the drawing area. Be sure you follow the standard ALEKS rules for submitting syntheses. + More... Note for advanced students: you may assume that you are using a large excess of benzene as your starting material. C T Add/Remove step X ноarrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY





