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All Textbook Solutions for Anatomy & Physiology

View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/metabolic) to learn more about metabolic processes. What kind of catabolism occurs in the heart?Water concentration in the body is critical for proper functioning. A persons body retains very tight control on water levels without conscious control by the person. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/H2Ocon) to learn more about water concentration in the body. Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?A CT or CAT scan relies on a circling scanner that revolves around the patients body. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/CATscan) to learn more about CT and CAT scans. What type of radiation does a CT scanner use?A patient undergoing an MRI is surrounded by a tubeshaped scanner. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/MRI) to learn more about MRIs. What is the function of magnets in an MRI?PET relies on radioactive substances administered several minutes before the scan. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/PET) to learn more about PET. How is PET used in chemotherapy?Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? microscopic anatomy muscle anatomy regional anatomy systemic anatomy A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n)________. exercise physiologist microscopic anatomist regional physiologist systemic anatomist The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. cell molecule organ tissue A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. organ organelle organism organ system The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. cardiovascular system endocrine system muscular system skeletal system Metabolism can be defined as the ________. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. is the result of catabolism release energy in uncontrolled bursts stores energy for use by body cells All of the above Cancer cells can be characterized as generic cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. differentiation reproduction responsiveness both reproduction and responsiveness Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. food nitrogen oxygen water Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. increasing the blood to her hands and feet becoming lethargic to conserve heat breaking down stored energy significantly increasing blood oxygen levels After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a control center a set point effectors sensors Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. blood vessels in the skin to constrict breathing to become slow and shallow sweat glands to increase their output All of the above Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? blood pressure regulation childbirth regulation of fluid balance temperature regulation What is the position of the body when it is in the normal anatomical position? The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. None of the above To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. coronal plane longitudinal plane midsagittal plane transverse plane The lumbar region is ________. inferior to the gluteal region inferior to the umbilical region superior to the cervical region superior to the popliteal region The heart is within the ________. cranial cavity mediastinum posterior (dorsal) cavity All of the above In 1901, Wilhelm Rontgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? nuclear physics radiopharmaceuticals the link between radiation and cancer X-rays Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? CT MRI PET ultrasonography Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? CT scans PET scans ultrasounds X-rays What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? release of radiation and poor quality images high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.For whom would an appreciation of the structural characteristics of the human heart come more easily: an alien who lands on Earth, abducts a human, and dissects his heart, or an anatomy and physiology student performing a dissection of the heart on her very first day of class? Why?Name the six levels of organization of the human body.The female ovaries and the male testes are a part of which body system? Can these organs be members of more than one organ system? Why or why not?Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.Identify three different ways that growth can occur in the human body.When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. If the bottle is left open, the water will eventually go flat. Explain these phenomena in terms of atmospheric pressure.On his midsummer trek through the desert, Josh ran out of water. Why is this particularly dangerous?Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great.What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?Which medical imaging technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why?Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ptable) to view the periodic table. In the periodic table of the elements, elements in a single column have the same number of electrons that can participate in a chemical reaction. These electrons are known as valence electrons. For example, the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron—an electron that can be donated in a chemical reaction with another atom. What is the meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/electenergy) to learn about electrical energy and the attraction/repulsion of charges. What happens to the charged electroscope when a conductor is moved between its plastic sheets, and why?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/disaccharide) to observe the formation of a disaccharide. What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond?Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the bodyâ€™s mass. These include ________. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. electron atom elemental particle isotope The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. protons neutrons electrons atoms On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. about 80 neutrons each fewer than 80 neutrons each more than 80 neutrons each more electrons than neutrons Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? one two three four Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. ionic bonds nonpolar covalent bonds polar covalent bonds hydrogen bonds When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes an ion an anion nonpolar all of the above A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. noble gas salt electrolyte dipole Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. potential energy kinetic energy radiant energy activation energy The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. catabolic synthesis decomposition exchange ABA+B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. anabolic endergonic decomposition exchange __________ reactions release energy. Catabolic Exergonic Decomposition Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? hydrogen and hydrogen hydrogen and helium helium and helium neon and helium Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature chewing stores potential energy chewing facilitates synthesis reactions saliva contains enzymes CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. inorganic organic reactive a crystal Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? sodium ions and chloride ions NaCl molecules salt crystals red blood cells Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate- chip batter is an example of a________. solvent solute solution suspension A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. acid base salt buffer Ty is three years old and as a result of a stomach bug has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? Tys blood is slightly acidi Tys blood is slightly alkaline. Tys blood is highly acidi Tys blood is within the normal range C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. polymer of carbohydrate pentose monosaccharide hexose monosaccharide all of the above What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? glucose glycogen galactose glycerol Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? phosphate adenine amino ribose A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? polysaccharides nucleic acids phosphorylated glucose glycogen A phospholipid ________. has both polar and nonpolar regions is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group is a building block of ATP can donate both cations and anions in solution In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. beta chain pleated sheet alpha helix double helix Uracil ________. contains nitrogen is a pyrimidine is found in RNA all of the above The ability of an enzymes active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. selectivity specificity subjectivity specialty The most abundant elements In the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables be useful?Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.Magnesium is an important element in the human body, especially in bones. Magnesiums atomic number is 12. Is it stable or reactive? Why? If it were to react with another atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or more electrons?Explain why CH4 is one of the most common molecules found in nature. Are the bonds between the atoms ionic or covalent?In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding? Why or why not?AB+CDAD+BE Is this a legitimate example of an exchange reaction? Why or why not?When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap Into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/diffusion) to see diffusion and how it is propelled by the kinetic energy of molecules in solution. How does temperature affect diffusion rate, and why?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/endomembrane1) to learn about the endomembrane system, which includes the rough and smooth ER and the Golgi body as well as lysosomes and vesicles. What is the primary role of the endomembrane system?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNArep) to learn about DNA replication. DNA replication proceeds simultaneously at several sites on the same molecule. What separates the base pair at the start of DNA replication?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ribosome) to learn about ribosomes. The ribosome binds to the mRNA molecule to start translation of its code into a protein. What happens to the small and large ribosomal subunits at the end of translation?Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/mitosis) to learn about mitosis. Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells. What structures form during prophase?Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. receptor proteins integral proteins peripheral proteins glycoproteins The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. up; electrical up; electrochemical down; pressure down; concentration Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c.active transport d. facilitated diffusion Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. the walls of the pool the chlorine the flotation toys the water The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? Golgi apparatus ribosomes lysosomes proteins Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? production of proteins detoxification of certain substances synthesis of steroid hormones regulation of intracellular calcium concentration Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. They are all polymers of protein subunits. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? mitochondria peroxisomes lysosomes ER The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? protein-lined membrane pores a double cell membrane the synthesis of ribosomes the production of cellular energy Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? chromatin histones ribosomes nucleosomes Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? TAGGCGCG ATCCGCGC CGAATATA TGCCTCTC Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? pulling apart the two DNA strands attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand untwisting the DNA helix none of the above Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. nucleus; cytoplasm nucleolus; nucleus nucleolus; cytoplasm cytoplasm; nucleus How many letters of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? 1 2 3 4 Which of the following is not made out of RNA? the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand the ribosome the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis the intron Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? G0 G1 G2 S A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a cell with additional genetic material than normal cancer a cell with less genetic material than normal any of the above What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? stop all cells from dividing stop certain cells from dividing help oncogenes produce oncoproteins allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency, unipotency oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? endothelial epithelial hematopoietic mesenchymal What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? fetal stem cells embryonic stem cells cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?Explain why the structure of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus assist their respective functions.Compare and contrast lysosomes with peroxisomes: name at least two similarities and one difference.Explain in your own words why DNA replication is said to be semiconservative?Why is it important that DNA replication take place before cell division? What would happen if cell division of a body cell took place without DNA replication, or when DNA replication was incomplete?Briefly explain the similarities between transcription and DNA replication.Contrast transcription and translation. Name at least three differences between the two processes.What would happen if anaphase proceeded even though the sister chromatids were not properly attached to their respective microtubules and lined up at the metaphase plate?What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, and how do they interact?Explain how a transcription factor ultimately determines whether or not a protein will be present in a given cell?Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?View this slideshow (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/stemcells) to learn more about stem cells. How do somatic stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/etissues) to find out more about the anatomy of epithelial tissues. Where in the body would one find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/10quiz) to test your connective tissue knowledge with this 10-question quiz. Can you name the 10 tissue types shown in the histology slides?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/musctissue) to learn more about muscle tissue. In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?Follow this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nobel) to learn more about nervous tissue. What are the main parts of a nerve cell?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/healinghand) to see a hand heal. Over what period of time do you think these images were taken?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/tumor) to learn more about tumors. What is a tumor?Which of the following is not a type of tissue? muscle nervous embryonic epithelial The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. differentiation maturation modification specialization Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? mesothelium lamina propria mesenteries mucosa In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? columnar stratified squamous transitional Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? columnar pseudostratified simple squamous transitional Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? transitional stratified columnar pseudostratified ciliated columnar stratified squamous The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. holocrine; apocrine eccrine; endocrine apocrine; holocrine eccrine; apocrine Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers cells, ground substance, and protein fibers collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers matrix, ground substance, and fluid Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. loose connective tissue a tendon bone hyaline cartilage Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? tendon adipose tissue reticular tissue dense connective tissue Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? areolar tissue adipose tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. mesoderm mesenchyme ectoderm endoderm In bone, the main cells are ________. fibroblasts chondrocytes lymphocytes osteocytes Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. skeletal muscle only cardiac muscle only smooth muscle only skeletal and cardiac muscles The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. myoblasts endoderm fibrocytes chondrocytes Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? nuclei striations golgi bodies mitochondria The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. neurons oligodendrocytes astrocytes microglia The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. dendrite axon microglia collagen fiber Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? microglia neuroglia oligodendrocytes astrocytes Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? redness heat fever swelling When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? collagen histamine hyaluronic acid meylin Atrophy refers to ________. loss of elasticity loss of mass loss of rigidity loss of permeability Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. diet exercise genetic factors stress Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.What is the function of synovial membranes?The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of individual cells and tissue arrangement of the intestine lining matches its main function, to absorb nutrients.One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.Why does skeletal muscle look striated?Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?What are the functions of astrocytes?Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the bodys response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individuals functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer. View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/layers) to learn more about layers of the skin. What are the basic functions of each of these layers?Figure 5.4 If you zoom on the cells at the outermost layer of this section of skin, what do you notice about the cells? Figure 5.4 Epidermis The epidermis is epithelium composed of multiple layers of cells. The basal layer consists of cuboidal cells, whereas the outer layers are squamous, keratinized cells, so the whole epithelium is often described as being keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. LM Ă— 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School Â© 2012)Figure 5.6 If you zoom on the cells of the stratum spinosum, what is distinctive about them? Figure 5.6 Cells of the Epidermis The cells in the different layers of the epidermis originate from basal cells located in the stratum basale, yet the cells of each layer are distinctively different. EM Ă— 2700. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School Â© 2012)This ABC video follows the story of a pair of fraternal African-American twins, one of whom is albino.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/albino) to learn about the challenges these children and their family face. Which ethnicities do you think are exempt from the possibility of albinism?The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? stratum spinosum stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. stratum spinosum stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. melanocytes keratinocytes connective tissue adipose tissue Collagen lends ________ to the skin. elasticity structure color UV protection Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? protects underlying organs helps maintain body temperature source of blood vessels in the epidermis a site to long-term energy storage In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. are glands on the skin surface can lead to excessive sweating are responsible for goose bumps secrete sebum The hair matrix contains ________. the hair follicle the hair shaft the glassy membrane a layer of basal cells Eccrine sweat glands ________. are present on hair are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat produce sebum act as a moisturizer Sebaceous glands ________. are a type of sweat gland are associated with hair follicles may function in response to touch release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? nail bed hyponychium nail root eponychium In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. vitamin D synthesis arteriole constriction folate production thermoregulation One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? stratum lucidum desmosomes folic acid synthesis Merkel cells An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? stratum corneum stratum basale papillary dermis stratum granulosum As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? Merkel cells keratinocytes Langerhans cells melanocytes In general, skin cancers ________. are easily treatable and not a major health concern occur due to poor hygiene can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun affect only the epidermis Bedsores ________. can be treated with topical moisturizers can result from deep massages are preventable by eliminating pressure points are caused by dry skin An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? epidermis only hypodermis only epidermis and hypodermis epidermis and dermis After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? increased production of melanin by melanocytes increased production of connective tissue an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound an increased activity in the stratum lucidum Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? basal cells of the stratum basale melanocytes of the stratum basale keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum What determines the color of skin, and what is the process that darkens skin when it is exposed to UV light?Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.Describe the structure and composition of nails.Why do people sweat excessively when exercising outside on a hot day?Explain your skins response to a drop in body core temperature.Why do teenagers often experience acne?Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? storage of minerals protection of internal organs facilitation of movement fat storage Bone tissue can be described as ________. dead calcified tissue cartilage the skeletal system dense, hard connective Issue Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. store phosphate store calcium make blood cells move like levers Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. an area of fat storage a point of attachment for muscles the hard portion of bone the cause of kyphosis Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? hematopoiesis cartilage yellow marrow red marrow The skeletal system is made of ________. a. muscles and tendons b. bones and cartilage c. vitreous humor d. minerals and fat Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. flat bones short bones sesamoid bones irregular bones Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________. joints muscles ligaments tendons Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. irregular sesamoid flat short Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? long bone sesamoid bone short bone flat bone Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. counterweight resistive force lever fulcrum Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? bone growth bone remodeling hematopoiesis shock absorption The diaphysis contains ________. a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________. periosteum epiphysis endosteum diaphysis Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteocytes and osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes osteogenic cells and osteoclasts Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteoprogenitor cells Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? Haversian systems Haversian canals lamellae lacunae Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? canaliculi Volkmanns canals trabeculae calcium salts The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a hole a facet a canal a fissure Why is cartilage slow to heal? because it eventually develops into bone because it is semi-solid and flexible because it does not have a blood supply because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? They develop from mesenchymal cells. They are surrounded by osteoid. They travel through the capillaries. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that fanned the ossification centers.In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? They develop into osteocytes. They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity. They grow and form the periosteum. They group together to form the primary ossification center.Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intram embranous ossification? the metatarsals the femur the ribs the flat bones of the cranium Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. epiphyseal plate perichondrium periosteum medullary cavity Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________. in the medullary cavity beneath the periostenm in the epiphyseal plate within the metaphysis Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation A fracture can be both ________. open and closed open and transverse transverse and greenstick greenstick and comminuted How can a fractured diapliysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? The bone pierces fat stores in the skin. The yellow marrow in the diapliysis is exposed and damaged. The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones. The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.In a compound fracture, ________. the break occurs at an angle to the bone the broken bone does not tear the skin one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other broken bone pierces the skin The internal and external calli are replaced by ________. hyaline cartilage trabecular bone osteogenic cells osteoclasts The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone. compact lamellar spongy dense Wolffs Law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left. a light-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left. a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture. a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete.Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. vitamin D vitamin K calcitonin fluoride Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? carrots liver leafy green vegetables oranges Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? estrogen and testosterone calcitonin and calcitriol growth hormone and parathyroid hormone thyroxine and progesterone With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hannones has actions that oppose each other? estrogen and testosterone calcitonin and calcitriol estrogen and progesterone calcitonin and parathyroid hormone When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? skeletal system endocrine system digestive system nervous system All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except thyroxine calcitonin parathyroid hormone vitamin D Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D The skeletal system is composed of bone and cartilage and has many functions. Choose three of these functions and discuss what features of the skeletal system allow it to accomplish these functions.What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction? In what type of fracture would closed reduction most likely occur? In what type of fracture would open reduction most likely occur?In terms of origin and composition, what are the differences between an internal callus and an external callus?If you were a dietician who had a young female patient with a family history of osteoporosis, what foods would you suggest she include in her diet? Why?During the early years of space exploration our astronauts, who had been floating in space, would return to earth showing significant bone loss dependent on how long they were in space. Discuss how this might happen and what could be done to alleviate this condition.An individual with very low levels of vitamin D presents themselves to you complaining of seemingly fragile bones. Explain how these might be connected.Describe the effects caused when the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium bound to its receptors.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/skull1) to view a rotating and exploded skull with color-coded bones. Which bone (yellow) is centrally located and joins with most of the other bones of the skull?View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/headblow) to see how a blow to the head may produce a contrecoup (counterblow) fracture of the basilar portion of the occipital bone on the base of the skull. Why may a basilar fracture be life threatening?Osteoporosis is a common age-related bone disease in which bone density and strength is decreased. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/osteoporosis) to get a better understanding of how thoracic vertebrae may become weakened and may fractured due to this disease. How may vertebral osteoporosis contribute to kyphosis?Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/diskslip) to see what it means to slip a disk. Watch this second animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/herndisc) to see one possible treatment for a herniated disc, removing and replacing the damaged disc with an artificial one that allows for movement between the adjacent certebrae. How could lifting a heavy object produce pain in a lower limb?Use this tool (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/vertcolumn) to identify the bones, intervertebral discs, and ligaments of the vertebral column. The thickest portions of the anterior longitudinal ligament and the supraspinous ligament are found in which regions of the vertebral column?View this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/skullbones) to review the two processes that give rise to the bones of the skull and body. What are the two mechanisms by which the bones of the body are formed and which bones are formed by each mechanism?Which of the following is pact of the axial skeleton? shoulder bones thigh bone foot bones vertebral column Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? allows for movement of the wrist and hand protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow supports trunk of body allows for movements of the ankle and foot The axial skeleton ________. consists of 126 bones forms the vertical axis of the body includes all bones of the body tnmk and limbs includes only the bones of the lower limbs Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? parietal bone zygomatic bone maxillary bone lacrimal bone The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. frontal bone occipital bone other parietal bone temporal bone The middle cranial fossa ________. is bounded anteriorly by die petrous ridge is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum The paranasal sinuses are ________. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull not connected to the nasal cavity divided at the midline by the nasal septum Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________. sella turcica squamous portion glabella zygomatic process The bony openings of the skull include the ________. carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________. seven vertebrae 12 vertebrae five vertebrae a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. include the lumbar curve are remnants of the original fetal curvature include the cervical curve develop after the time of birth A typical vertebra has ________. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. a short, rounded spinous process a bifid spinous process articulation sites for ribs a transverse foramen Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? nuchal ligament ligamentum flavum supraspinous ligament anterior longitudinal ligament The sternum ________. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae The sternal angle is the ________. junction between the body and xiphoid process site for attachment of the clavicle site for attachment of the floating ribs junction between the manubrium and body The tubercle of a rib ________. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve is the area of greatest rib curvature True ribs are ________. ribs 8-12 attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull A fontanelle ________. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae is the rod-like structure that rims the length of the early embryo is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones Define the two divisions of the skeleton.Discuss the functions of the axial skeleton.Define and list the bones that form the brain case or support the facial structures.Identify the major sutures of the skull, their locations, and die bones united by each.Describe the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and their boundaries, and give the midline structure that divides each into right and left areas.Describe the parts of the nasal septum in both the dry and living skull.Describe the vertebral column and define each region.Describe a typical vertebra.Describe the sacrum.Describe the structure and function of an intervertebral disc.Define the ligaments of the vertebral column.Define the parts and functions of the thoracic cage.Describe the parts of the sternum.Discuss the parts of a typical rib.Define the classes of ribs.Discuss the processes by which the brain-case bones of the skull are formed and glow during skull enlargement.Discuss the process that gives rise to the base and facial bones of the skull.Discuss the development of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

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