Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780190209896
Author: Trudy McKee, James R. McKee
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Chapter 8, Problem 53SA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The number of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate.
Introduction:
Glucose is the main source of energy in many organisms and is required to perform basic
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The last step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Several intermediates involved in the steps for the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate via gluconeogenesis are given. Choose and place the right intermediates produced from these steps in the correct order. (Select from: Oxaloacetate, Ethanol, Pyruvate, Ketoglutarate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Malate, Fumarate)
_________ → _________ → _________ → __________ → Phosphoenolpyruvate
The overall reactions for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are given below. What is the energy cost (in
ATP equivalents) of transforming one molecule of glucose to pyruvate (via glycolysis) and back to
glucose (via gluconeogenesis)?
Gluconeogenesis:
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2NADH + 4H₂O
Glycolysis:
Glucose + 2ADP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ - 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H₂000
Select one:
O a. 2 ATP
O b. 4 ATP
O c. 6 ATP
O d. 8 ATP
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glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2P₁ +
2NAD+ + 2H+
MI
21 22
00:508D DAD
1=1
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30: DONDOK
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G
During gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have to be bypassed. The first step is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Which of the following statement is false regarding the reaction step? Select one:
a.
Conversion of oxaloacetate from pyruvate occurs in mitochondria and shuttled into the cytosol.
b.
Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate requires both ATP and GTP as an energy source.
c.
Acetyl CoA is an activator of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
d.
This reaction involves two-step process catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Chapter 8 Solutions
Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1QCh. 8 - Prob. 2QCh. 8 - Prob. 3QCh. 8 - Prob. 4QCh. 8 - Prob. 5QCh. 8 - Prob. 6QCh. 8 - Prob. 7QCh. 8 - Prob. 1RQCh. 8 - Prob. 2RQCh. 8 - Prob. 3RQ
Ch. 8 - Prob. 4RQCh. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Prob. 6RQCh. 8 - Prob. 7RQCh. 8 - Prob. 8RQCh. 8 - Prob. 9RQCh. 8 - Prob. 10RQCh. 8 - Prob. 11RQCh. 8 - Prob. 12RQCh. 8 - Prob. 13RQCh. 8 - Prob. 14RQCh. 8 - Prob. 15RQCh. 8 - Prob. 16RQCh. 8 - Prob. 17RQCh. 8 - Prob. 18RQCh. 8 - Prob. 19RQCh. 8 - Prob. 20RQCh. 8 - Prob. 21RQCh. 8 - Prob. 22RQCh. 8 - Prob. 23RQCh. 8 - Prob. 24RQCh. 8 - Prob. 25RQCh. 8 - Prob. 26RQCh. 8 - Prob. 27RQCh. 8 - Prob. 28RQCh. 8 - Prob. 29RQCh. 8 - Prob. 30RQCh. 8 - Prob. 31RQCh. 8 - Prob. 32RQCh. 8 - Prob. 33RQCh. 8 - Prob. 34RQCh. 8 - Prob. 35RQCh. 8 - Prob. 36RQCh. 8 - Prob. 37RQCh. 8 - Prob. 38RQCh. 8 - Prob. 39RQCh. 8 - Prob. 40FBCh. 8 - Prob. 41FBCh. 8 - Prob. 42FBCh. 8 - Prob. 43FBCh. 8 - Prob. 44FBCh. 8 - Prob. 45FBCh. 8 - Prob. 46FBCh. 8 - Prob. 47FBCh. 8 - Prob. 48FBCh. 8 - Prob. 49FBCh. 8 - Prob. 50SACh. 8 - Prob. 51SACh. 8 - Prob. 52SACh. 8 - Prob. 53SACh. 8 - Prob. 54SACh. 8 - Prob. 55TQCh. 8 - Prob. 56TQCh. 8 - Prob. 57TQCh. 8 - Prob. 58TQCh. 8 - Prob. 59TQCh. 8 - Prob. 60TQCh. 8 - Prob. 61TQCh. 8 - Prob. 62TQCh. 8 - Prob. 63TQCh. 8 - Prob. 64TQCh. 8 - Prob. 65TQCh. 8 - Prob. 66TQCh. 8 - Prob. 67TQCh. 8 - Prob. 68TQCh. 8 - Prob. 69TQCh. 8 - Prob. 70TQCh. 8 - Prob. 71TQCh. 8 - Prob. 72TQCh. 8 - Prob. 73TQ
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- In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for thisarrow_forwardConsider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answerarrow_forwardOf the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?arrow_forward
- The glycerol derived from lipolysis of triacylglycerols is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which then enters into step 6 of the glycolysis pathway. What further transformations are necessary to convert glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into pyruvate?arrow_forwardWhat is the cost (in ATP equivalents) of transforming glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis and back again to glucose via gluconeogenesis?arrow_forwardWhy is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) an important step in glycolysis? How is the isomerization of F6P back into G6P prevented?arrow_forward
- Only the one question displayed is neededarrow_forwardWhen 1 mole of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to 2 moles of pyruvate via the glycolysis pathway, the net formation of: *arrow_forwardGluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. The organs most active from the perspective of gluconeogenesis are the liver and the kidney, which supply glucose to the organs that cannot synthesize it, yet have a strict need for glucose as an energy source. Gluconeogenesis requires several equilibrium steps of glycolysis to run in the reverse direction. What are the reactants and products when GAPDH runs in the direction of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis as a ten-step pathway from glucose to pyruvate is Favourable. Is gluconeogenesis favourable under standard conditions (ie. is the ΔGo’ for the pathway negative)? c. What is true about the thermodynamics of the regulated steps in glycolysis. Compare ΔG and ΔGo’ for those steps in both directions.arrow_forward
- In the living cell, free energy made from one reaction can be used to drive another in an energetically unfavorable direction, provided the two reactions have a common intermediate (this is termed the principle of common intermediates). Example: In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate; in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose. However, the actual ΔG for the formation of pyruvate from glucose is about -84 kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions. Most of the decrease in free energy in glycolysis takes place in three essentially irreversible steps catalyzed by, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. Use one of the 3 opposing reactions (in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATESarrow_forwardAlthough both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6-phosphate formed by hexokinase? Glucose 6-phosphate must be unstable and release its phosphoryl group over time. Glucose 6-phosphate must be utilized by other metabolic pathways. Glucose 6-phosphate must allosterically inhibit phosphofructokinase, but not hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate must be wasted when it is produced in excess.arrow_forwardIn glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. For full credit, detail: 1) The enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP 2) The intermediate that is created 3) The "energetic cost" of the reaction(s) (For instance, is the hydrolysis of a high-energy bond in a nucleotide triphosphate necessary?)arrow_forward
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