Whether “ Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β − oxidation process has to be indicated. Concept Introduction: The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA , FADH 2 , and NADH are produced in this reaction. The β − oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH 2 are also produced in this pathway. The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid − CoA is called acyl CoA .

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Part VII. Below are the 'HNMR, 13 C-NMR, COSY 2D- NMR, and HSQC 2D-NMR (similar with HETCOR but axes are reversed) spectra of an organic compound with molecular formula C6H1003 - Assign chemical shift values to the H and c atoms of the compound. Find the structure. Show complete solutions. Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 f1 (ppm) Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 100 f1 (ppm) 30 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 90 80 70 -26 60 50 40 46 30 20 115 10 1.0 0.9 0.8 0 -10

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None

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “Acyl CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Acyl CoA is a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of Acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of Acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 1

Therefore, Acyl CoA is encountered as a reactant in the intermembrane space.

Answer 13

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 14

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called Acyl CoA.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 2

Carnitine molecule shuttles the activated fatty acid molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 20

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Answer 21

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 3

Therefore, carnitine is converted to acyl carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Answer 27

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 28

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether “free CoA is a reactant” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

The β−oxidation pathway is defined as a repetitive series of four biochemical reactions in which acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA by the removal of two carbon atoms at a time. NADH and FADH2 are also produced in this pathway.

The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid−CoA is called acyl CoA.

The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.25EP

Free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Acyl group present in acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine. This results in the formation of acyl carnitine. Fatty acids are transported in the form of acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Acyl group from acyl carnitine is transferred back to free CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.

An overview of the transportation of acyl CoA in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β−oxidation process is as follows:

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 25, Problem 25.25EP , additional homework tip 4

Therefore, free CoA is a reactant in the mitochondrial matrix.