Concept explainers
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(a)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “acetyl CoA is a product” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “a phosphorylation enzyme is needed” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activated fatty acid-CoA that is formed after the activation of the fatty acid molecule in the oxidation process of fatty acids is called acyl CoA.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “a molecule of AMP is produced” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activated fatty acid-CoA that is formed after the activation of the fatty acid molecule in the oxidation process of fatty acids is called acyl CoA.
AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is an important
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “the activation product is acyl CoA” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- In an electrolytic cell, indicate the formula that relates E0 to the temperature T.arrow_forward-- 14:33 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 11. Compound A can transform into compound B through an organic reaction. From the structures below, mark the correct one: HO A تھے۔ די HO B ○ A) Compounds A and B are isomers. B) Both have the same number of chiral carbons. C) Compound A underwent an addition reaction of Cl2 and H2O to form compound B. D) Compound A underwent a substitution reaction forming the intermediate chlorohydrin to obtain compound B. E) Compound A underwent an addition reaction of Cl2 forming the chloronium ion and then added methanol to obtain compound B. 60arrow_forward-- 14:40 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 13. The compound 1-bromo-hex-2-ene reacts with methanol to form two products. About this reaction, mark the correct statement: OCH3 CH3OH Br OCH3 + + HBr A B A) The two products formed will have the same percentage of formation. B) Product B will be formed by SN1 substitution reaction with the formation of an allylic carbocation. C) Product A will be formed by SN1 substitution reaction with the formation of a more stable carbocation than product B. D) Product A will be formed by an SN2 substitution reaction occurring in two stages, the first with slow kinetics and the second with fast kinetics. E) The two compounds were obtained by addition reaction, with compound B having the highest percentage of formation. 57arrow_forward
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- Suppose sodium sulfate has been gradually added to 100 mL of a solution containing calcium ions and strontium ions, both at 0.15 mol/L. Indicate the alternative that presents the percentage of strontium ions that will have precipitated when the calcium sulfate begins to precipitate. Data: Kps of calcium sulfate: 2.4x10 ⁻ ⁵; Kps of strontium sulfate: 3.2x10 ⁻ ⁷ A) 20,2 % B) 36,6 % C) 62,9 % D) 87,5 % E) 98.7%arrow_forward14:43 A Candidate Identification docs.google.com 14. The following diagrams represent hypothetical membrane structures with their components numbered from 1 to 6. Based on the figures and your knowledge of biological membranes, select the correct alternative. | 3 5 || 人 2 500000 6 A) Structures 1, 3, 5, 2 and 4 are present in a constantly fluid arrangement that allows the selectivity of the movement ○ of molecules. Structure 4, present integrally or peripherally, is responsible for this selection, while the quantity of 6 regulates the fluidity. B) The membranes isolate the cell from the environment, but allow the passage of water-soluble molecules thanks to the presence of 2 and 3. The membrane in scheme is more fluid than that in 55arrow_forward12. Mark the correct statement about reactions a and b : a. Br + -OH Br b. + Br H₂O + Br -OH + H₂O A) The reactions are elimination reactions, with reaction "a" being of type E2 and reaction "b" being of type E1. B) Reaction "a" is an E2 type elimination occurring in one step and reaction "b" is an SN1 type substitution. C) Both reactions can result in the formation of carbocation, but in reaction "b" the most stable carbocation will be formed. D) Both reactions occur at the same rate ○ and have the same number of reaction steps. E) Reaction "b" is an E2 type elimination occurring in two steps and reaction "a" is an SN2 type substitution.arrow_forward
- Chloroform, long used as an anesthetic and now considered carcinogenic, has a heat of vaporization of 31.4 kJ/mol. During vaporization, its entropy increases by 94.2 J/mol.K. Therefore, select the alternative that indicates the temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which chloroform begins to boil under a pressure of 1 atm. A) 28 B) 40 C) 52 D) 60 E) 72arrow_forwardIf we assume a system with an anodic overpotential, the variation of n as a function of current density: 1. at low fields is linear 2. at higher fields, it follows Tafel's law Obtain the range of current densities for which the overpotential has the same value when calculated for 1 and 2 cases (maximum relative difference of 5% compared to the behavior for higher fields). To which overpotential range does this correspond? Data: i = 1.5 mA cm², T = 300°C, B = 0.64, R = 8.314 J K1 mol-1 and F = 96485 C mol-1.arrow_forwardAnswer by equation pleasearrow_forward
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