Whether crotonate, a C 4 species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified. Concept introduction: Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows: Here, R and R ’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds. Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 25.107EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether crotonate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether oxaloacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether acetoacetate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malate, a C₄ species is a (1) hydroxy acid, (2) keto acid, (3) saturated acid, or (4) unsaturated acid has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Functional groups are defined as the group of atoms which are attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds. These are generally heteroatoms which are attached to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Some examples of functional groups are as follows:

Here, R and R^’ represent an alkyl group. In alkene, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be the same or different or can be hydrogen. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon atoms. Alkenes have a double bond, hence; they are unsaturated compounds.

Keto acid has a ketone and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Hydroxy acid has a hydroxy (-OH) group and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Saturated acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group. Unsaturated acid contains a double or triple bond between carbon atoms and a carboxylic group.

A carboxylate group is formed by the removal of the acidic hydrogen from the carboxylic group. The conjugate base is formed by the removal of acidic hydrogen from the corresponding acid.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 25.1 - Which of the following statements about digestion...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.1 - The major function of bile released during...Ch. 25.1 - The two major products of triacylglycerol...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 5QQ Ch. 25.2 - Hormone-sensitive lipase needed for...Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.2 - Which of the following is not a product of...Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 25.3 - What is the intermediate compound in the two-step...

Solution Summary: The author defines functional groups as atoms attached to the carbon backbone of organic compounds.

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