Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of
(a)
Answer to Problem 25.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.
Explanation of Solution
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a
The structure of butyrate is,
The structure of succinate is,
Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.
(b)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(b)
Answer to Problem 25.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.
Explanation of Solution
Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,
Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,
Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.
(c)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(c)
Answer to Problem 25.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.
Explanation of Solution
β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,
Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,
β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.
(d)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(d)
Answer to Problem 25.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.
Explanation of Solution
Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,
Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,
Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 25 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- a) Propose a method to synthesize the following product. More than one step reaction is required. (10 marks)arrow_forwardthe vibrational frequency of I2 is 214.5 cm-1. (i) Using the harmonic oscillator model, evaluate the vibrational partition function and the mean vibrational energy of I2 at 1000K. (ii) What is the characteristic vibrational temperature of I2? (iii) At 1000K, assuming high-temperature approximation, evaluate the vibrational partition function and the mean vibrational energy of I2. (iv) Comparing (i) and (iii), is the high-temperature approximation good for I2 at 1000K?arrow_forwardPlease correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forward
- consider a weak monoprotic acid that is 32 deprotonated at ph 4.00 what is the pka of the weak acidarrow_forwardHow much energy does it take to raise the temperature of 1.0 mol H2O(g) from 100 °C to 200 °C at constant volume? Consider only translational and rotational contributions to the heat capacity. Hint: Use high-temp limit for non-linear molecule when calculating rotational contribution.arrow_forwardwhat was the pH of gastric juice obtained 5.0ml sample of gastric juice taken from a patient several hours after a meal and titrated the juice with 0,2M NaOH t neutrality the neutralization of gastric HCL required 5.0ml NaOH what was the pH of gastric juice?arrow_forward
- Please correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forward2. Freckles (F) are dominant to no freckles (f). A heterozygous mother ( father ( have a baby. F = freckles, f= no freckles Genotype Phenotype Possibility 1: Possibility 2: Possibility 3: Possibility 4: and heterozygousarrow_forwardDon't used hand raitingarrow_forward
- Please correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forwardthe rotational constant of HI is 6.511 cm-1. (i)What is the characteristic rotational temperature of HI? (ii) Evaluate the rotational partition function and the mean rotational energy of HI at 298K. Note that T=298K is much larger than the characteristic rotational temperature of HI.arrow_forward3. The ability to roll your tongue (R) is a dominant trait. A woman who cannot roll her tongue ( ) has a baby with a man who is homozygous dominant for this trait ( R = can roll tongue, r = cannot roll tongue ). Possibility 1: Possibility 2: Possibility 3: Possibility 4: Genotype Phenotypearrow_forward
Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning
General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic And Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305081079Author:STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)Publisher:Cengage Learning,