Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified. Concept introduction: Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid. The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway. Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

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(c) The following data have been obtained for the hydrolysis of sucrose, C12H22O11, to glucose, C6H12O6, and fructose C6H12O6, in acidic solution: C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 [sucrose]/mol dm³ t/min 0 0.316 14 0.300 39 0.274 60 0.256 80 0.238 110 0.211 (i) Graphically prove the order of the reaction and determine the rate constant of the reaction. (ii) Determine the half-life, t½ for the hydrolysis of sucrose.

(III) adsorbent (b) Adsorption of the hexacyanoferrate (III) ion, [Fe(CN)6] ³, on y-Al2O3 from aqueous solution was examined. The adsorption was modelled using a modified Langmuir isotherm, yielding the following values of Kat pH = 6.5: (ii) T/K 10-10 K 280 2.505 295 1.819 310 1.364 325 1.050 Determine the enthalpy of adsorption, AadsHⓇ. If the reported value of entropy of adsorption, Aads Se = 146 J K-1 mol-1 under the above conditions, determine Aads Gº.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 25.101EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the carnitine shuttle system is used among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether malonyl ACP is a reactant among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether CO₂ is a product among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether molecular O₂ is needed among (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) lipogenesis has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as a β-oxidation pathway.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 25.1 - Which of the following statements about digestion...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.1 - The major function of bile released during...Ch. 25.1 - The two major products of triacylglycerol...Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 5QQ Ch. 25.2 - Hormone-sensitive lipase needed for...Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 25.2 - Which of the following is not a product of...Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 25.3 - What is the intermediate compound in the two-step...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the carnitine shuttle system is used in the -oxidation pathway, ketogenesis, or lipogenesis.

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