a) Interpretation: To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given. Concept introduction: The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration. To assign: The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Question

3) The following molecule, chloral is a common precursor to chloral hydrate, an acetal type molecule that was a first-generation anesthetic. Draw a mechanism that accounts for tis formation and speculate why it does not require the use of an acid catalyst, like most hemiacetal and acetal reaction: (10 pts) H H₂O

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

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3) The following molecule, chloral is a common precursor to chloral hydrate, an acetal type molecule that was a first-generation anesthetic. Draw a mechanism that accounts for tis formation and speculate why it does not require the use of an acid catalyst, like most hemiacetal and acetal reaction: (10 pts) H H₂O

You are a Quality Manager for a very well-known food ingredient company that produces umami powder, and you are responsible for setting specification limits. The net weight (in grams) of bags of unami powder is monitored by taking samples of six bags on an hourly basis during production. The label on every bag reports a contents of 1KG umami powder. The process mean is μ = 1012 g, and when the process is properly adjusted, it varies with σ = 11 g. QUESTION: Your organisation strives to ensure that >99.97% of bags of umami powder produced conforms to specification. What performance process index value is required to achieve this process yield? Calculate PPK using the following formula: Ppk = (USL – mean)/3 σ Ppk = (mean -LSL)/ 3 σ

You are a Quality Manager for a very well-known food ingredient company that produces umami powder, and you are responsible for setting specification limits. The net weight (in grams) of bags of unami powder is monitored by taking samples of six bags on an hourly basis during production. The label on every bag reports a contents of 1KG umami powder. The process mean is μ = 1012 g, and when the process is properly adjusted, it varies with σ = 11 g. QUESTION: Provide a valid and full justification as to whether you would advise your manager that the process is satisfactory when it is properly adjusted, or would you seek their approval to improve the process?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.5, Problem 13P

Interpretation Introduction

a)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d)

Interpretation:

To assign E or Z configuration for the compound given.

Concept introduction:

The two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The member that ranks higher can be determined by considering the atomic number of the first atom of the two substituents separately. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank. If a decision cannot be made by considering the atomic number of the first atom in each substituent then the second, third, fourth atoms away from double bond are considered until the first difference is found. Multiple bonded atoms are considered as equivalent to the same number of single bonded atoms. The isomer that has the higher ranked groups on each carbon on the same side of the double bond is said to have Z configuration. If the higher ranked groups are on the opposite sides, the alkene is said to have E configuration.

To assign:

The configuration for the compound given as E or Z.

Answer 14

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Ch. 7.2 - Calculate the degree of unsaturation in each of...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 2P Ch. 7.2 - Diazepam, marketed as an antianxiety medication...Ch. 7.3 - Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 6P Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 7P Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 8P Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains how the two groups attached to the carbons in double bond are to be ranked first. The atom with highest atomic number gets the higher rank.

Chapter 7 Solutions