A molded plastic product
Using a finite-difference solution with a space increment of
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Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
- 1 - A square chip, with side w = 5 mm, operates under isothermal conditions.The chip is positioned on a substrate so that its side and bottom surfaces are thermally insulated, while its top surface is exposed to theflow of a refrigerant at T∞ = 15°C. From reliability considerations, the chip temperature cannot exceed T = 85°C. The refrigerant being air, with a convection heat transfer coefficientcorresponding h = 200 W/(m2K), what is the maximum allowable power for the chip? Since the coolant is a dielectric liquid for which h = 3000 W/(m²K), what is the maximum allowed power?arrow_forwardA brass wire of 0.8 mm in diameter and 12 m long is annealed in an annealing furnace at a temperature of 400°C. Find the time required for the wire to reach the temperature of 150°C if the temperature of the wire before placing it inside the furnace is 30°C. Take h = 35 W/m2 K. Density = 8500 kg/m3. Specific heat = 0.335 kJ/kg K.arrow_forwardSteam at 350 °C flows through the stainless steel pipe with k=26 W/m.°C. The inner and outer diameters of the stainless steel pipe are 6.0 cm and 7.0 cm, respectively. The pipe is insulated from the outside with a 4.0 cm thick glass wool (k= 0.038 W/m.°C) and then a 3.0 cm thick k=0.25 W/m.K material. The insulated pipe is in the environment at 20 °C. The heat loss from the pipe occurs only by [natural convection+radiation]. Film heat transfer coefficient including the effects of [natural convection+radiation] in the insulated pipe is 30 W/m². is C. Calculate the heat transferred per unit pipe length since the film heat transfer coefficient defined according to the inner area of the pipe is 110 W/m².°C.arrow_forward
- A spherical pellet (ρ =1000 kg/m3 , c = 1000 J/(kg⋅K)) with a radius ro = 1 cm is cooled from an initial temperature of 200°C by immersion in water bath at 10°C with a convection coefficient h = 100 W/(m2 K). Evaluate the temperature in the center and on the surface of the pellet after 10 s of immersion for two cases: (a) Thermal conductivity of the pellet k = 0.1 W/(m⋅K) (b) Thermal conductivity of the pellet k = 5 W/(m⋅K)arrow_forwardHumans are able to control their rates of heat production and heat loss to maintain a nearly constant core temperature of Tc = 37°C under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process is called thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat transfer between a human body and its surroundings, we focus on a layer of skin and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the environment and its inner surface at a temperature slightly less than the core temperature, Ti = 35°C = 308 K. Consider a person with a skin/fat layer of thickness L = 2 mm and effective thermal conductivity k = 0.3 Wm ⋅ K. The person has a surface area A = 1.8 m2 and is dressed in a bathing suit. The emissivity of the skin is ε = 0.95.a). When the person is in still air at T∞ = 308 K, what is the skin surface temperature and rate of heat loss to the environment? Convection heat transfer to the air is characterized by a free convection coefficient of h = 2 W?2 ⋅ Kb). When the person is in water at T∞ =…arrow_forwardConsider a carton of milk that is refrigerated to a temperature ofTL = 5°C. The temperature in the kitchen on a hot summer day is T∞ = 30°C. With the four side walls of the box with dimensions L = 200 mm (height) and w = 100 mm (width), determine the heat transferred to the milk carton while it is on the kitchen counter for periods of t = 10 s, 60 s and 300 s before being replaced on the refrigerator. The convective coefficient associated with natural convection on the sides of the box is h = 10 W/(m²K). The emissivity of these surfaces is 0.90. Consider that the the temperature of the milk carton remains at 5°C during the process.arrow_forward
- In an experiment, the temperature of a hot gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple with a spherical junction. Due to the nature of this experiment, the response time of the thermocouple to register 69 percent of the initial temperature difference must be within 5 s. The properties of the thermocouple junction are k = 35 W/m•K, ρ = 8500 kg/m3, and cp = 320 J/kg•K. If the heat transfer coefficient between the thermocouple junction and the gas is 250 W/m2•K, determine the diameter of the junction.arrow_forwardSteam passes into tubes in a heating system whose outer diameter is 3 cm and whose wall is held at a temperature of 120°C. Tubes are connected to circular aluminium alloy fins (k = 180 W/m. ° C) with an outer diameter of 6 cm and a constant thickness of 2 mm. The distance between the two fins is 3 mm and the tube length is 200 fins per meter. With h = 60 W/m2.°C, the heat is transmitted to the ambient air at 25°C. Evaluate the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.arrow_forwardSteam passes into tubes in a heating system whose outer diameter is 3 cm and whose wall is held at a temperature of 120°C. Tubes are connected to circular aluminium alloy fins (k = 180 W/m. ° C) with an outer diameter of 6 cm and a constant thickness of 2 mm. The distance between the two fins is 3 mm and the tube length is 200 fins per meter. With h = 60 W/m2.°C, the heat is transmitted to the ambient air at 25°C. Evaluate the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.arrow_forward
- Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.4 m, thermal conductivity k=2.3 W/m °C, and surface area A= 20 m2. The left side of the wall at x= 0 is subjected of T1 = 80°C. while the right side losses heated by convection to the surrounding air at T∞=15 oC with a heat transfer coefficient of h=24 W/m2 oC . Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heatgeneration in the wall, (a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions forsteady one-dimensional heat conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for thevariation of temperature in the wall by solving the differential equation, and (c) evaluate therate of heat transfer through the wallarrow_forwardQ1/ Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.03 m. The wall surface at x =0 is insulated, while the surface at x =L is maintained at a temperature of 30°C. The thermal conductivity of the wall is k=25 W/m °C, and heat is generated in the wall at a rate of g = 9oe0.5x/L W/m³ Where g, = 8 x 10 W /m². Assuming steady one-dimensional heat transfer, (a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for heat conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the wall by solving the differential equation, and (c) determine the temperature of the insulated surface of the wall.arrow_forwardConsider a wall of 6-m x 2.8-m constructed by the following threelayers: plaster with a thickness of 1 cm (k = 0.36 W⁄m ∙ °C),brick with a thickness of 20 cm (k = 0.72 W⁄m ∙ °C) and wallcovering with a thickness of 2 cm (k = 1.4 W⁄m ∙ °C). Disregardthe effect of convection in the inner surface of the wall and considerthe inner temperature of the wall to be 23 °C. Consider thetemperature of the surroundings to be 8 °C. The heat transfer ratein this wall must be reduced by 90% by the installation of a layerof insulation. If heat transfer between the outer surface of the walland the surroundings is by natural convection (12 W m2 ⁄ ∙ °C)and radiation, and considering the outer wall to be black with atemperature of 9 °C, determine:a) The heat transfer rate without insulation.b) The thickness of the insulation if the material of the layer is polyurethane foam (k =0.025 W⁄m ∙ °C)c) The thickness of the insulation if the material of the layer is fiber glass (k = 0.036 W⁄m ∙ °C)arrow_forward
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