Chapter 6, Problem 6.65EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic product and formulas of the inorganic product formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alkylation reaction is a reaction in which the transfer of alkyl group from one molecule to another molecule takes place.  While considering amines, the alkylating agent that is used is alkyl halides.  Alkylation is done under basic conditions.  The general equations for amines alkylation process is,

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Ammonia}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{1°}\text{amine}\\ \text{1°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{2°}\text{amine}\\ \text{2°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{3°}\text{amine}\\ \text{3°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{quaternary ammonium salt}\end{array}$

Amine is an organic derivative.  If in ammonia one or more alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atom then it is known as amine.  Depending on the number of substitution the amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary amine.  Primary amine is the one in which only one hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Secondary amine is the one in which only two hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Tertiary amine is the one in which all three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  The generalized structural formula for all the amines is,

Quaternary ammonium salt is the one that has four carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom.  This is formed by the reaction of tertiary amine with alkyl halide in presence of a strong base.

Explanation of Solution

Given reaction is,

The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, propyl chloride.  Sodium hydroxide is a reagent that is used for basic condition in this case.  As the reaction between ammonia and propyl chloride gives propylamine as the product, this is an alkylation reaction.  The complete reaction can be given as,

The organic product formed is propylamine.  The inorganic product is sodium chloride and water molecule.  The structures are shown above.

Conclusion

The structure of organic product and formulas of inorganic products are drawn.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic product and formulas of the inorganic product formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alkylation reaction is a reaction in which the transfer of alkyl group from one molecule to another molecule takes place.  While considering amines, the alkylating agent that is used is alkyl halides.  Alkylation is done under basic conditions.  The general equations for amines alkylation process is,

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Ammonia}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{1°}\text{amine}\\ \text{1°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{2°}\text{amine}\\ \text{2°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{3°}\text{amine}\\ \text{3°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{quaternary ammonium salt}\end{array}$

Amine is an organic derivative.  If in ammonia one or more alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atom then it is known as amine.  Depending on the number of substitution the amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary amine.  Primary amine is the one in which only one hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Secondary amine is the one in which only two hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Tertiary amine is the one in which all three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  The generalized structural formula for all the amines is,

Quaternary ammonium salt is the one that has four carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom.  This is formed by the reaction of tertiary amine with alkyl halide in presence of a strong base.

Explanation of Solution

Given reaction is,

The reactants given in the above reaction are isopropylmethylamine, methyl bromide.  Sodium hydroxide is a reagent that is used for basic condition in this case.  As the reaction between isopropylmethylamine and methyl bromide gives isopropyldimethylamine as the product, this is an alkylation reaction.  The complete reaction can be given as,

The organic product that is formed has a nitrogen atom that is bonded to three carbon atoms.  The inorganic product is sodium bromide and water molecule.  The structures are shown above.

Conclusion

The structure of organic product and formulas of inorganic products are drawn.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic product and formulas of the inorganic product formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alkylation reaction is a reaction in which the transfer of alkyl group from one molecule to another molecule takes place.  While considering amines, the alkylating agent that is used is alkyl halides.  Alkylation is done under basic conditions.  The general equations for amines alkylation process is,

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Ammonia}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{1°}\text{amine}\\ \text{1°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{2°}\text{amine}\\ \text{2°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{3°}\text{amine}\\ \text{3°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{quaternary ammonium salt}\end{array}$

Amine is an organic derivative.  If in ammonia one or more alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atom then it is known as amine.  Depending on the number of substitution the amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary amine.  Primary amine is the one in which only one hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Secondary amine is the one in which only two hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Tertiary amine is the one in which all three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  The generalized structural formula for all the amines is,

Quaternary ammonium salt is the one that has four carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom.  This is formed by the reaction of tertiary amine with alkyl halide in presence of a strong base.

Explanation of Solution

Given reaction is,

The reactants given in the above reaction are ethylamine, ethyl chloride.  Sodium hydroxide is a reagent that is used for basic condition in this case.  As the reaction between ethylamine and ethyl chloride gives diethylamine as the product, this is an alkylation reaction.  The complete reaction can be given as,

The organic product obtained has a nitrogen atom that is bonded to two carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom.  The inorganic product is sodium chloride and water molecule.  The structures are shown above.

Conclusion

The structure of organic product and formulas of inorganic products are drawn.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of organic product and formulas of the inorganic product formed in the given reaction has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Alkylation reaction is a reaction in which the transfer of alkyl group from one molecule to another molecule takes place.  While considering amines, the alkylating agent that is used is alkyl halides.  Alkylation is done under basic conditions.  The general equations for amines alkylation process is,

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Ammonia}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{1°}\text{amine}\\ \text{1°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{2°}\text{amine}\\ \text{2°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{3°}\text{amine}\\ \text{3°}\text{amine}\text{+}\text{Alkyl}\text{halide}\stackrel{\text{Base}}{\to }\text{quaternary ammonium salt}\end{array}$

Amine is an organic derivative.  If in ammonia one or more alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atom then it is known as amine.  Depending on the number of substitution the amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary amine.  Primary amine is the one in which only one hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Secondary amine is the one in which only two hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  Tertiary amine is the one in which all three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.  The generalized structural formula for all the amines is,

Quaternary ammonium salt is the one that has four carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom.  This is formed by the reaction of tertiary amine with alkyl halide in presence of a strong base.

Explanation of Solution

Given reaction is,

The reactants given in the above reaction are ammonia, tert-butyl bromide.  Sodium hydroxide is a reagent that is used for basic condition in this case.  As the reaction between ammonia and tert-butyl bromide gives tert-butylamine as the product, this is an alkylation reaction.  The complete reaction can be shown as,

The organic product formed has a nitrogen atom that is bonded to one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms.  The inorganic product is sodium bromide and water molecule.  The structures are shown above.

Conclusion

The structure of organic product and formulas of inorganic products are drawn.