Chapter 23, Problem 23.62SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The equation for the reaction of $\text{2,3-dimethyl-2-butene}$ with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{and}\text{Pd}\text{catalyst}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Alkenes are one of the important types of hydrocarbon which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond ($C=C$ ). According to the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry the name of an alkane ends with ene. Alkenes have a general formula $C_n{H}_{2n}$ where n is the number of carbon atom.

Hydrogenation:

Generally alkenes undergo hydrogenation reaction. In hydrogenation reaction hydrogen gas and an alkene will react when a catalyst such as platinum or palladium.  Alkanes are the product of hydrogenation reaction of alkenes.

Palladium on carbon ($\text{Pd/C}$) is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The equation for the reaction of $\text{2,3-dimethyl-2-butene}$ with $B{r}_2$ has to be written.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are one of the important types of hydrocarbon which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond ($C=C$ ). According to the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry the name of an alkane ends with ene. Alkenes have a general formula $C_n{H}_{2n}$ where n is the number of carbon atom.

Alkenes undergo addition reaction with halogens and these reactions are commonly known as halogenation. Bromination is a halogenation reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The equation for the reaction of $\text{2,3-dimethyl-2-butene}$ with $H_{2}Oand{H}_{2}S{O}_{4}catalyst$ has to be written.

Concept introduction:

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction.  Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).