Draw the product of this reaction. Ignore inorganic byproducts. HO H ⚫OH HO- ∙H H- -OH H ⚫OH CH2OH HNO3, H2O
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- Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.Based on your residing of this chapter, what would you expect to be the most immediate effect oil glycolysis, if the steady-state concentration of gJucose-6-P were 8.3 mM instead of 0.083 mM?
- Based on your knowledge of the structure of NAD+ and an assumption that coenzyme dissociation is the rate limiting step of the alcohol dehydrogenase mechanism, hypothesize why a N249W mutation at the coenzyme binding site would increase the rate of catalysis.The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C4H8O2): C2H6O + CH3COOH What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate? condensation hydrolysis combustion acid-base reactionExamine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase and describe the structure and function of the catalytic zinc center.
- Ketone bodies are used as an alternative source of fuel during starvation. Describe how ketones are synthesized.How Do Vitamin-Derived Coenzymes Aid Metabolism? What chemical functionality is provided to enzyme reactions by pyridoxal phosphate (we Chapter 13)? By coenzyme A (see Chapter I9)? By vitamin B12 (see Chapter 23)? By thiamine pyrophosphate (see Chapter 19)?Energetic of Fructose-1 ,6-bis P Hydrolysis (Integrates with Chapter 3.) The standard free energy change (G) for hydrolysis of fructose-1. 6-bisphosphate (FBP) to fructose-S-phosphate (F-6-P) and P: is -16.7 KJ/mol: FBP + H2O fructose-6-P + Pi The standard free energy change (G) for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 KJ/mol: ATP + H2O ADP + Pj What is the standard free energy change for the phosphofructokinase reaction: ATP + fructose-6-P ADP + FBP b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? c. Assuming the intracellular concentrations of [ATP] and (ADP] are maintained constant at 4 mM and 1.6 mM, respectively, in a rat liver cell, what will be the ratio of [FBP]/[fructose-6-P] when the phosphofructokinase reaction reaches equilibrium?
- Comparing Glycolysis Entry Points for Sucrose Sucrose can enter glycolysis by either of two routes: Sucrose phosphorylase: Sucrose + Pi fructose + glucose-1-phosphate Invertase: Sucrose + H20 fructose + glucose Would either of these reactions offer Jin advantage over the other In the preparation of hexoses fur entry into glycolysis?Enzymes _______. a. enhance reaction rates b. are affected by pH c. act on specific substrates d. all of the aboveIn 1976, a team of chemists in the United Kingdom was developing new insecticides by modifying sugars with chlorine Cl2, phosgene Cl2CO, and other toxic gases. One young Member of the team misunderstood his verbal instructions to test a newly made candidate substance. He thought he had been told to taste it. Luckily for him, the substance was not toxic, but it was very sweet. It became the food additive sucralose. Sucralose has three chlorine atoms substituted for three hydroxyl groups of sucrose table sugar. It binds so strongly to the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue that the human brain perceives it as 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Sucralose was originally marketed as an artificial sweetener called Splenda, but it is now available under several other brand names. Researchers investigated whether the body recognizes sucralose as a carbohydrate. They began by feeding sucralose labeled with 14C to volunteers. Analysis of the radioactive molecules in the volunteers urine and feces showed that 92.8 percent of the sucralose passed through the body without being altered. Many people are worried that the chlorine atoms impart toxicity to sucralose. How would you respond to that concern?
