3. Design an algorithm to align two sequences A and B so that a match and a mismatch are scored equally and an indel in the first sequence is scored differently from an indel in the second sequence.
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- 4. Allele specific oligo-nucleotide hybridization is a genetic test used to look for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) associated with genetic diseases. It uses short sequences of labeled DNA as probes to bind onto either the normal allele or mutated allele in a patient's sample. Given that hemocystinuria is an autosomal recessive disease, use the results from the ASOH test below to determine the GENOTYPE and PHENOTYPE of the newborns born at Henry Mayo Hospital this week. Luis Mina Emma Elias Genotype Phenotype Allele H probe Allele h probe Luis Mina Emma Elias6. What is the most likely order of the linked genes R, S, and T if the distance between R and S is 27 m.u., the distance between S and T is 12 m.u., and the distance between R and T is 15 m.u.?3. What is the most likely order of the linked genes R, S, and Tif the distance between Rand S is 22 map units, the distance between S and T is 8 map units, and the distance between R and T is 14 map units?
- 1. What do we need to consider in choosing the best method in introducing recombinant DNA? Compare and contrast at least three considerations (in terms of methods or requirements) in introducing recombinant DNA in plant calli vs animal cell lines. Answer this comprehensively and clearly.2. Consider the problem of finding the shortest route through several cities, such that each city is visited only once and in the end return to the starting city (the Travelling Salesman problem). Suppose that in order to solve this problem we use a genetic algorithm, in which genes represent links between pairs of cities. For example, a link between Accra and Lagos is represented by a single gene AL’. Let also assume that the direction in which we travel is not important, so that AL =LA. (i) How many genes will be used in a chromosome of each individual if the number of cities is 10? (ii) (ii) How many genes will be in the alphabet of the algorithm?2. Be able to compare and contrast (discuss similarities and differences in) in your own words the terms genotype and phenotype, wild-type and mutant phenotypes. Step by step.
- 3. The ILRN gene encodes a protein that acts as an antagonist to interleukin receptors. This gene has three alleles represented as A*1, A*2, and A*3. In a study on the relationship between genotype and chronic pain sensitivity, data was collected on the ILRN genotype of 100 people as follows: 50 A*1/A*1 26 A*1/A*2 4 A*1/A*3 10 A*2/A*2 A*2/A*3 A*3/A*3 0 10 A. Calculate the frequency of each allele. B. Determine how many people there would be of each genotype if the population were in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and use the Chi-squared test to evaluate how well these expectation fit the observed data1. a. Examine the following image showing the results of an ALU insert gel-like. The first lane is the molecular marker. How many + alleles are represented in lanes 2-8? Assume each lane is an individual's amplified diploid DNA. b.The first lane is the molecular marker. How many - alleles are represented in lanes 2-8? Assume each lane is an individual's amplified diploid DNA. c.The first lane is the molecular marker. If lanes 2-8 represent the seven students in the class, what is the frequency of the + allele in this small population? d. If this gel represents the genotypes of all 7 students in a class, what is the EXPECTED number of people that would have a +/+ genotype if this small population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (To nearest tenth)11. what is The statistic used to calculate the likelihood of genetic linkage between genes ?
- 1. You have isolated 9 different mouse mutants that have developmental phenotypes associated with limb development (malformed limbs). To determine how many different genes are repsented in your 9 mutants, you generate true-breeding lines of each mutant. For all 9 mutants, when crossing a true-breeding mutant to true-breeding wildtype, the F1 are wildtype. Below is a complementation table summarizing the data of all the complementation test, where + = wiltype progeny and - mutant progeny with malformed limbs. Mutants 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + + + + + + 2 + I + + + + I + 1A. For mutant 2 and mutant 4: 3 + + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + 5 6 + + I + + + + + + + + + Do these two mutants complement or fail to complement? Are these mutant alleles of the same gene or different genes? 7 + + + + + 1B. How many different genes are represented across the 9 mutants? 89 + + + + + - + + + + + + + +1. The first genetic test developed for this disease took advantage of a large family of over 2,000 individuals who lived along Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. These family members, some with and some without Huntington’s disease, could all trace their ancestry to a single female who settled in the region a number of generations ago.Genomic DNA from family members with and without Huntington’s disease was cut with a set of enzymes that make reproducible cuts at known DNA sequences. These DNA fragments were run on a DNA gel to see which fragments correlated with the presence of Huntington’s disease. a) How might the large number (over 2,000) of family members who have a common ancestor who suffered from Huntington’s disease make it easy to narrow down the gene location of the Huntington’s locus (compared to doing the same experiment with a small family descended from a Huntington’s sufferer)?2. You are making a genetic map and use a cross to measure the distance between genes H and J as 40cMand the distance between J and M as 20cM. When you measure the distance between genes H and M, you get 50 cM. Do the following (A-C). (A) Draw and label a map of genes H, J, and M. (B) What is the genetic distance between genes H and M? How do you know? (Answer in 1 sentence) (C) Complete the table (right). For each pair of genes, write “yes” or “no” to indicate whether the pair of genes are“linked genes” and/orpart of the same“linkage group”.