Interpretation:
Five quantitative ways to describe the composition of solution have to be compared and contrasted.
Concept introduction:
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components. By homogenous mixture we mean that its composition and properties are uniform throughout the mixture.
Composition of a solution can be defined by expressing its concentration. Concentration can be expressed either qualitatively or quantitatively. Concentration can be described qualitatively using the words concentrated or dilute. The solution is either dilute or concentrated depends on the amount of solute present in the solution. In concentrated solution more amount of solute is present compare to dilute solution. There are several ways by which we can describe the concentration of the solution quantitatively. Some commonly used quantitative descriptions are percent by mass, percent by volume, molarity, molality and mole fraction.

Answer to Problem 31SSC
Quantitatively concentration of the solution can be expressed in five different ways such as percent by mass, percent by volume, molarity, molality and mole fraction. Among them, molarity, molality, and mole fraction are basedon moles of solute per some other quantity;percent by volume and molarity are defined by per volume of solution basis, molality and molefraction are based on per quantity of solvent basis, percent by mass and percent by volume are the only ratios involving percentages.
Quantitatively concentration of the solution can be expressed in five different ways-
Mass percentage or percent by mass (w/W): The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as:
Volume/volume percentage (v/V percent): Percent by volume is expressed as the ratio of the volume of the solute to the total volume of the solution multiplied by 100.
In expression,
Molarity: Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of the solution and is expressed as:
Molality: Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the solvent and is expressed as:
Mole fraction: Mole fraction defined as the number of moles of one component divided by total the number of moles in the mixture. Mole fraction is denoted as ‘
Mole fraction
Molarity, molality, and mole fraction are based on moles of solute per some other quantity, percent by volume and molarity are defined by per volume of solution basis, molality and mole fraction are based on per quantity of solvent basis, percent by mass and percent by volume are the only ratios involving percentages. Mass percent, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas volume percent and molarity are function of temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature and the mass does not.
Explanation of Solution
Quantitatively concentration of the solution can be expressed in five different ways-
Mass percentage or percent by mass (w/W): The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as:
Volume/volume percentage (v/V percent): Percent by volume is expressed as the ratio of the volume of the solute to the total volume of the solution multiplied by 100.
In expression,
Molarity: Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of the solution and is expressed as:
Molality: Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the solvent and is expressed as:
Mole fraction: Mole fraction defined as the number of moles of one component divided by total the number of moles in the mixture. Mole fraction is denoted as ‘
Mole fraction
Molarity, molality, and mole fraction are based on moles of solute per some other quantity, percent by volume and molarity are defined by per volume of solution basis, molality and mole fraction are based on per quantity of solvent basis, percent by mass and percent by volume are the only ratios involving percentages. Mass percent, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas volume percent and molarity are function of temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature and the mass does not.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics: A Strategic Approach (3rd Edition)
Microbiology: An Introduction
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
- For this question, if the product is racemic, input both enantiomers in the same Marvin editor. A) Input the number that corresponds to the reagent which when added to (E)-but-2-ene will result in a racemic product. Input 1 for Cl, in the cold and dark Input 2 for Oy followed by H₂O, Zn Input 3 for D₂ with metal catalyst Input 4 for H₂ with metal catalyst B) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product made from the reagent in part A Marvin JS Help Edit drawing C) Draw the skeletal structure of the major organic product formed when (2)-but-2-ene is treated with peroxyacetic acid. Marvin 35 Helparrow_forwardMichael Reactions 19.52 Draw the products from the following Michael addition reactions. 1. H&C CH (a) i 2. H₂O* (b) OEt (c) EtO H₂NEt (d) ΕΙΟ + 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O' H H 1. NaOEt 2. H₂O*arrow_forwardRank the labeled protons (Ha-Hd) in order of increasing acidity, starting with the least acidic. НОН НЬ OHd Онсarrow_forward
- Can the target compound at right be efficiently synthesized in good yield from the unsubstituted benzene at left? ? starting material target If so, draw a synthesis below. If no synthesis using reagents ALEKS recognizes is possible, check the box under the drawing area. Be sure you follow the standard ALEKS rules for submitting syntheses. + More... Note for advanced students: you may assume that you are using a large excess of benzene as your starting material. C :0 T Add/Remove step Garrow_forwardThe following equations represent the formation of compound MX. What is the AH for the electron affinity of X (g)? X₂ (g) → 2X (g) M (s) → M (g) M (g) M (g) + e- AH = 60 kJ/mol AH = 22 kJ/mol X (g) + e-X (g) M* (g) +X (g) → MX (s) AH = 118 kJ/mol AH = ? AH = -190 kJ/mol AH = -100 kJ/mol a) -80 kJ b) -30 kJ c) -20 kJ d) 20 kJ e) 156 kJarrow_forwardA covalent bond is the result of the a) b) c) d) e) overlap of two half-filled s orbitals overlap of a half-filled s orbital and a half-filled p orbital overlap of two half-filled p orbitals along their axes parallel overlap of two half-filled parallel p orbitals all of the abovearrow_forward
- Can the target compound at right be efficiently synthesized in good yield from the unsubstituted benzene at left? starting material target If so, draw a synthesis below. If no synthesis using reagents ALEKS recognizes is possible, check the box under the drawing area. Be sure you follow the standard ALEKS rules for submitting syntheses. + More... Note for advanced students: you may assume that you are using a large excess of benzene as your starting material. C T Add/Remove step X ноarrow_forwardWhich one of the following atoms should have the largest electron affinity? a) b) c) d) 으으 e) 1s² 2s² 2p6 3s¹ 1s² 2s² 2p5 1s² 2s² 2p 3s² 3p² 1s² 2s 2p 3s² 3p6 4s2 3ds 1s² 2s² 2p6arrow_forwardAll of the following are allowed energy levels except _. a) 3f b) 1s c) 3d d) 5p e) 6sarrow_forward
- A student wants to make the following product in good yield from a single transformation step, starting from benzene. Add any organic reagents the student is missing on the left-hand side of the arrow, and any addition reagents that are necessary above or below the arrow. If this product can't be made in good yield with a single transformation step, check the box below the drawing area. Note for advanced students: you may assume that an excess of benzene is used as part of the reaction conditions. : ☐ + I X This product can't be made in a single transformation step.arrow_forwardPredict the major products of this organic reaction:arrow_forwardCalculate the density of 21.12 g of an object that displaces 0.0250 L of water.arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY





