Chapter 8, Problem 31CTQ

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ act as nucleophile or electrophile in step 2 of below reaction should be determined.

  

Concept introduction: The carbon-carbon double bond in alkene consists of a strong $\sigma$ bond (formed by overlap of $s{p}^2$ hybridized orbital on each carbon) and a weak $\pi$ bond (formed by overlap of pure $p$ orbital on each carbon). Due to unsaturation, alkene shows addition reaction where the double bond provides loosely held $\pi$ electrons and is readily attacked by any electron deficient group like ${\text{H}}^{+}$ ions released from acids. The loosely held $\pi$ electrons are present, therefore, behave as base though weak one.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether $\text{H}$ of ${\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}$ act as nucleophile or electrophile in step 1 of below reaction should be determined.

  

Concept introduction: The carbon-carbon double bond in alkene consists of a strong $\sigma$ bond (formed by overlap of $s{p}^2$ hybridized orbital on each carbon) and a weak $\pi$ bond (formed by overlap of pure $p$ orbital on each carbon). Due to unsaturation, alkene shows addition reaction where the double bond provides loosely held $\pi$ electrons and is readily attacked by any electron deficient group like ${\text{H}}^{+}$ ions released from acids. The loosely held $\pi$ electrons are present, therefore, behave as base though weak one.