Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn. Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 15E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercuration reaction shown below should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkenes are regarded as electron-rich and often undergo addition reaction in the presence of electrophilic halo acids or mercuric acetate in the presence of THF solvent. The intermediate formed in former is a carbocation and finally nucleophilic part of halo acid or mercuric acetate attacks in a rapid step to give addition product.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: A Lewis structure of NaBH4 should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Lewis structures depict covalent bonds and describe valence electrons are present in the molecule. The sequence that leads to the Lewis structure of the molecule is as follows:

Identify the central atom and arrange various other atoms around it. This atom so chosen is the least electronegative one.

Estimate the total valence electrons.

First, place a single bond between each pair.

The remaining electrons can be allocated as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for each atom.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Particular characteristics of oxymercuration reaction shown below should be explained.

Concept introduction: Oxymercuration takes place in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 and THF solvent. The overall addition of nucleophilic water ( OH and H ) occurs in accordance with Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that the negative part of nucleophiles must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. No carbocation rearrangement is involved.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Mechanism for acid-catalyzed hydration of below alkene substrate should be drawn.

Concept introduction: Acid-catalyzed hydration is the electrophilic addition of water. The reactive species that act as a catalyst are H3O+

.In the second stage water, itself acts as a nucleophile and abstracts a proton to hydration product. The carbocation rearrangement can also be found in such reactions.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 17

Ch. 8 - Prob. 1CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 2CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 3CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 4CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 5CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 6CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 7CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 8CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 9CTQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 10CTQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism for the first synthetic step of oxymercuration-demercurations reaction. The structure depicts covalent bonds and describes valence electrons.

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