The wind chill, which is experienced on a cold, windy day, is related to increased heat transfer from exposed human skin to the surrounding atmosphere. Consider a layer of fatty tissue that is 3 mm thick and whose interior surface is maintained at a temperature of 36°C. On a calm day the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface is
- What is the ratio of the heat loss per unit area from the skin for the calm day to that for the windy day?
- What will be the skin outer surface temperature for the calm day? For the windy day? What temperature would the air have to assume on the calm day to produce the same heat loss occurring with the air temperature at
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Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
- On a cold winter day, you decide to keep the outside surface windshield temperature at +2°C to prevent ice formation on the outside of your car's windshield. a. Use the following information to calculate the rate of energy loss through the window in Watts. Windshield area = 0.5 m2 ● Outside convection heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/(m2K) Outside "bulk" air temperature = -15°C. b. Using your answer from part a, find what temperature you need to keep the inside of the windshield in °C. ● Windshield thickness = 5 mm Glass k= 1.25 W/(m K) ●arrow_forwardA steel tube with a thermal conductivity of 55 W/mK carries a fluid at 175°C, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 190 W/m 2 ./K. The tube has an external diameter of 5 cm, a wall thickness of 1 cm and a length of 1.5 m. The ambient air and surroundings are at 27°C, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m 2 .K. Neglecting the effects of radiation, determine: a) the resistance by conduction through the tube wall b) the convection resistance inside the tube c) The total rate of heat transfer d) The temperature of the outer surface of the tube e) The total resistance considering the effects of radiation only on the outside, with the coefficient h r = 2W/m 2 .K f) The new heat transfer rate, taking into account the effects of radiation, if an additional layer of 15 mm thick foam with a conductivity of 0.03 W/mK is added to the system. g) The critical insulation radius of the system after the addition of this insulating layer.arrow_forwardQ2/ Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm and thermal conductivity is k = 0.78 W/m. °C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is 5°C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2 °C and h2= 25 W/m2 °C, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.arrow_forward
- Citrus fruits are very susceptible to cold weather, and extended exposure to subfreezing temperatures can destroy them. Consider an 8-cm-diameter orange that is initially at 15°C. A cold front moves in one night, and the ambient temperature suddenly drops to –6°C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2·K. Using the properties of water for the orange and assuming the ambient conditions to remain constant for 20400 seconds before the cold front moves out, determine the surface temperature of orange that night. Solve this problem using analytical one-term approximation method. The properties of the orange are approximated by those of water at the average temperature of about 5°C, k = 0.571 W/m·°C and α = 0.136 × 10–6 m2/s. The surface temperature of orange that night isarrow_forwardCalculate the temperature in an unheated space (Tunc) adjacent to a conditioned room with three (3) common surface areas of 175-ft2, 190-ft2, and 210-ft² with an overall heat transfer coefficient of 0.21, 0.27, and 0.32 Btu/h-Ft2 °F, respectively. The surface areas of the unheated space exposed to the outdoors are 175-ft² and 210-ft² with corresponding overall heat transfer coefficients of 0.21 and 0.40 Btu/h- Ft².°F. The sixth (6th) surface is on the ground and can be neglected for this example as can be the effect of any outdoor air entering the space. Inside & outside design reference temperatures are 70°F & -10°F, respectively. Tunc = 37°F Tunc = 36°F Tunc = 30°F Tunc = 35°Farrow_forwardplease answer ASAP 2 hours leftarrow_forward
- A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot-water pipe at 80 deg C is losing heat to the surrounding air at 5 deg C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m^2.K. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection (6m)arrow_forwardHumans are able to control their rates of heat production and heat loss to maintain a nearly constant core temperature of Tc = 37°C under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process is called thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat transfer between a human body and its surroundings, we focus on a layer of skin and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the environment and its inner surface at a temperature slightly less than the core temperature, Ti = 35°C = 308 K. Consider a person with a skin/fat layer of thickness L = 2 mm and effective thermal conductivity k = 0.3 Wm ⋅ K. The person has a surface area A = 1.8 m2 and is dressed in a bathing suit. The emissivity of the skin is ε = 0.95.a). When the person is in still air at T∞ = 308 K, what is the skin surface temperature and rate of heat loss to the environment? Convection heat transfer to the air is characterized by a free convection coefficient of h = 2 W?2 ⋅ Kb). When the person is in water at T∞ =…arrow_forwardA thermal window consisting of two panes of 0.25" glass (R-value 0.08 hr · ft2. °F/BTU each), separated by a layer of air 0.75" thick is now used as a horizontal window in the ceiling (a skylight) of an air conditioned room. Find its R-value in the summer, when the outside is warmer than the inside, and in the winter, when the inside is warmer than the outside (in hr . ft2. °F/BTU). (Assume that the air is moving outside the window.) R (summer) hr · ft2. °F/BTU R (winter) hr : ft2 . °F/BTUarrow_forward
- A person extends his uncovered arms into the windy air outside at 54°F and 20 mph in order to feel nature closely. Initially, the skin temperature of the arm is 86°F. Treating the arm as a 2-ft-long and 3-in.-diameter cylinder, determine the rate of heat loss from the arm. Air 54°F, 20 mph 86°Farrow_forwardDuring a picnic on a hot summer day, the only available drinks were those at the ambient temperature of 90°F. In an effort to cool a 12-fluid-oz drink in a can, which is 5 in high and has a diameter of 2.5 in, a person grabs the can and starts shaking it in the iced water of the chest at 32°F. The temperature of the drink can be assumed to be uniform at all times, and the heat transfer coefficient between the iced water and the aluminum can is 30 Btu/h·ft2·°F. Using the properties of water for the drink, estimate how long it will take for the canned drink to cool to 40°F.arrow_forwardConsider a 10 cm wall made of polyurethane board (k = 0.0260 W/m.K) which is exposed to still air (h = 9.37 W/m2.K) on the inside and outer surface exposed to 24 km/h wind (h = 34 W/m2.K). Determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer in W/m2.K.arrow_forward
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