Chapter 22.2, Problem 12SSC

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The properties of alcohols, ethers and amines need to be discussed with one use each.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show.

Explanation of Solution

The functional group is a specific group of bonds and atoms in an organic compound which determines the chemical properties and physical properties of the compound. Two compounds with same functional groups will behave in a similar way and show similar reactions.

The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Some functional groups are alcohols, ethers and amines.

The compounds with functional groups and their properties are represented as follows:

Alcohols: -ROH

Alcohols consist of two parts: carbon chain and hydroxyl group. Due to the presence of −OH group in alcohols, they are polar in nature (mainly lower alcohols). Since, water is also polar in nature thus, alcohols with less number of carbon atoms will be soluble in water. If number of carbon atoms increases, non-polarity increases and solubility of alcohols decreases.

Alcohols are used in synthesis of many organic compounds. They are used in the making of perfumes as well as sweeteners.

Ethers: -R-OR’

There is net dipole moment in an ether molecule. This is due to the presence of C-O bond or electro negativity difference between C and O atoms. Generally, boiling points of alkanes and ethers are comparable. Due to polarity in the molecule, ethers are soluble in water.

Ethers are used as refrigerant (dimethyl ether). They are also used as solvents in many organic reactions.

Amines-R-NH₂

Lower amines which are aliphatic in nature are exists in gaseous form. Due to the presence of H atom bonded with electronegative N atom, amines can form hydrogen bonding.

They are used in formation of azo-dyes and several drugs. They are also used in making of artificial fibers.