Chapter 22, Problem 52A

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The type of reaction that converts an alcohol to ester needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Organic compounds undergo different types of chemical reactions depending on the functional groups present in them. For example, in the substitution reaction, one functional group in a reactant is replaced by other. In an addition reaction, one molecule simply combines to other to form a larger molecule. There is no side product formed in the reaction.

Explanation of Solution

An alcohol can form ester after reaction with an acid. This is known as esterification reaction. The general reaction is represented as follows:

$\text{R}-\text{OH}+{\text{R}}^{\text{'}}-\text{COOH}\to \text{R}-{\text{COOR}}^{\text{'}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Here, R and R’ can be same or different alkyl groups.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The type of reaction that converts an alcohol to alkene needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Organic compounds undergo different types of chemical reactions depending on the functional groups present in them. For example, in the substitution reaction, one functional group in a reactant is replaced by other. In an addition reaction, one molecule simply combines to other to form a larger molecule. There is no side product formed in the reaction.

Explanation of Solution

An alcohol can be converted to alkene via dehydration reaction. This can be done by heating the alcohol in the presence of strong acid at high temperatures to remove water and form alkene.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}-\text{OH}+\text{S}\text{.acid}\to {\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}^{}={\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}^{}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The type of reaction that converts an alcohol to alkyl halide needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Organic compounds undergo different types of chemical reactions depending on the functional groups present in them. For example, in the substitution reaction, one functional group in a reactant is replaced by other. In an addition reaction, one molecule simply combines to other to form a larger molecule. There is no side product formed in the reaction.

Explanation of Solution

An alcohol can be converted into alkyl halide after reaction with strong acid like H-X where X is a halide. The general reaction can be represented as follows:

$\text{R}-\text{OH}+\text{H}-\text{X}\to \text{R}-\text{X}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The type of reaction that converts an alcohol to aldehyde needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Organic compounds undergo different types of chemical reactions depending on the functional groups present in them. For example, in the substitution reaction, one functional group in a reactant is replaced by other. In an addition reaction, one molecule simply combines to other to form a larger molecule. There is no side product formed in the reaction.

Explanation of Solution

An alcohol can be converted to aldehyde after oxidation. The general reaction is represented as follows:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}-\text{OH}\stackrel{\left[O\right]}{\to }{\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{CHO}$