Chapter 22, Problem 43A

a.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical used in preserving biological specimens needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

Formaldehyde is commonly used in preserving biological specimens. It is an aldehyde with general formula R/H-CHO. The molecular formula of formaldehyde is HCHO. Its structure is represented as follows:

b.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical used as solvent in fingernail polish needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The chemical used as solvent is ethyl acetate. It is an ester group with general formula $\text{R}-\text{COO}-\text{R}’$.

The structure of ethyl acetate is represented as follows:

c.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The acid used in vinegar needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

The acid present in vinegar is acetic acid. It has a carboxylic acid group with general formula R-COOH.

The structure of acetic acid is represented as follows:

d.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical used in flavoring food and beverages needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The functional group is the group present on the main carbon chain of an organic compound. It determines the chemical properties and the type of reactions an organic compound can show. The name of the group depends on the atoms present in the group for example an −OH group contains O and H atom thus, it is a hydroxyl group. The different functional groups are named according to IUPAC rule.

Explanation of Solution

Ethyl propionate gives fruity flavor to food and beverages. It has an ester group with general formula $\text{R}-\text{COO}-\text{R}’$.

The structure of the compound will be: