Chapter 21, Problem 29P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products formed in each of the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Sodium amide is a reagent, which is widely used in the reactions. It abstracts the most acidic proton from the reactant molecule.

The action of one potassium amide on the reactant molecules results in the elimination of one hydrogen chloride molecule, which leads to the formation of benzyne.

The action of another amide ion abstracts the hydrogen ion from the carbon atom bonded to the cyanide group, which leads to the formation of carbonation. This is followed by cyclisation by the attack of negatively charged carbon on the benzyne intermediate.