An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst. Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound. Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes. The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts. The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement. The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature. Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product. High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product. The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 40P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.

Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.

Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.

The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are alkyl halides and Lewis acid catalysts.

The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.

The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.

Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.

High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the thermodynamically controlled product.

The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 21.1 If we examine Table 21.1, we...Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM If we examine Table 21.1, we see...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3PP Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 21.4 Predict the products of each...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5PP Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 21.6 What are compounds A and B...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7PP Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM Outline a possible synthesis of...Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is...Ch. 21 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 21.10 When o-chlorotoluene is...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained. Electrophiles are electron-deficient species.

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Chapter 21 Solutions