
Interpretation:
An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.
Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.
Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.
The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are
The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.
The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.
Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.
High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the
The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.

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Chapter 21 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. NaN₃arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this?arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this?arrow_forward
- Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate pH of a buffer containing 0.050M benzoic acidand 0.150M sodium benzoate. The Ka of benzoic acid is 6.5 x 10-5arrow_forwardA. Draw the structure of each of the following alcohols. Then draw and name the product you would expect to produce by the oxidation of each. a. 4-Methyl-2-heptanol b. 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol c. 4-Ethyl-2-heptanol d. 5,7-Dichloro-3-heptanolarrow_forwardWhat is the pH of a 1.0 L buffer made with 0.300 mol of HF (Ka = 6.8 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.200 mol of NaF to which 0.160 mol of NaOH were added?arrow_forward
- Can I please get help with this.arrow_forwardDetermine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. N₂H₅ClO₄arrow_forwardPlease help me with identifying these.arrow_forward
