Interpretation:
An experiment in which the reaction is inter or intramolecular is to be suggested and the temperature effect on the formation of the product is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the reaction between benzene and chlorine, or bromine, in the presence of a catalyst.
Electrophilic substitution reaction is the type of reaction in which an electrophile displaces hydrogen from the compound.
Friedel–Craft’s alkylation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It is used for the preparation of alkylbenzenes.
The reagents used in Friedel-Craft’s alkylation are
The reaction of aryl ester in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst gives acyl phenol, and is called Fries rearrangement.
The ratio of ortho and para substitution is the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is dependent on temperature.
Low temperature favors para substitution. The para product is the kinetically controlled product.
High temperature favors ortho substitution. The ortho product is the
The ortho product is more stable due to the formation of the bidentate complex with aluminum and is also stabilized by the hydrogen bonding.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- (a) How will you convert:(i) Benzene to acetophenone (ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol(b) Give reasons :(i) Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.(ii) Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and alcohols of comparable molecular masses.(iii) Propanal is more reactive than propanone in nucleophilic addition reactions.arrow_forwardSome of the most useful compounds for organic synthesisare Grignard reagents (general formula R-MgX, where X is ahalogen), which are made by combining an alkyl halide, R-X,with Mg. They are used to change the carbon skeleton of a start-ing carbonyl compound in a reaction similar to that with R-Li:.(a) What is the product, after a final step with water, of thereaction between ethanal and the Grignard reagent of bromo-benzene? (b) What is the product, after a final step with water, ofthe reaction between 2-butanone and the Grignard reagent of2-bromopropane? (c) There are often two (or more) combina-tions of Grignard reagent and carbonyl compound that will givethe same product. Choose another pair of reactants to give theproduct in (a). (d) What carbonyl compound must react with aGrignard reagent to yield a product with the -OH group at theendof the carbon chain? (e) What Grignard reagent and carbonylcompound would you use to prepare 2-methyl-2-butanol?arrow_forward(c) Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing acidity, and explain the reasons for your choice of order: phenol, cyclohexanol, 2-fluorocyclohexanol, 2-fluorophenol.arrow_forward
- Give reasons for the following :(i) Phenol is more acidic than methanol.(ii) The C—O—H bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral angle (190°28′).(iii) (CH3)3C—O—CH3 on reaction with HI gives (CH3)3C—I and CH3—OH as the main products and not (CH3)3C—OH and CH3—I.arrow_forwardDimethyl disulfide, CH,S–SCH3, found in the vaginal secretions of female hamsters, acts as a sexual attractant for the male hamster. Write an equation for its synthesis from methanethiol.arrow_forward3-Chloro-2-methylpropene reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to form 3-methoxy-2-methylpropene. For each of the following changes in the reaction conditions, state whether the reaction rate would increase, decrease, or remain the same. Explain your reasoning. In some cases the identity of the major organic product would be expected to change; in such cases, give the expected major product. (a) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used in place of methanol (b) methanol is used by itself without sodium methoxide (c) 1-chloro-2,2,-dimethylpropane is used in place of 3-chloro-2-methylpropenearrow_forward
- (a) Account for the following :(i) Propanal is more reactive than propanone towards nucleophilic reagents.(ii) Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.(iii) Carboxylic acids do not give characteristic reactions of carbonyl group.(b) Give simple chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:(i) Acetophenone and benzaldehyde(ii) Benzoic acid and ethylbenzoate.arrow_forward(b) Answer the following questions based on the compounds below. Jawab soalan berikut berdasarkan kepada sebatian di bawah. CI CI A в (i) Which compound has the higher boiling point? Explain. Sebatian manakah mempunyai takat didih yang lebih tinggi? Terangkan. (ii) Draw the SN2 mechanism for the reaction of compound A with sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Lukis mekanisma Sn2 bagi tindak balas antara sebatian A dengan natrium hidroksida, NaOH.arrow_forward3-Chloro-2-methylpropene reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to form 3-methoxy-2-methylpropene. For each of the following changes in the reaction conditions, state whether the reaction rate would increase, decrease, or remain the same. Explain your reasoning. In some cases the identity of the major organic product would be expected to change; in such cases, give the expected major product. (a) the same quantities of reagents are dissolved in half the volume of methanol (b) 3-bromo-2-methylpropene is used in place of 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (c) sodium methanethiolate (CH3SNa) is used in place of of sodium methoxidearrow_forward
- (b) 3-methyl-2-butanol reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to form 2-methyl-2- butene. Write the mechanism for the reaction.arrow_forwardDraw the product of the following Lewis acid-base reaction. Discuss whether the product will retain its monomeric form or if it will dimerise and why. (c) Ph Toluene AICI CHO Pharrow_forwardChlorination of 2-butanone yields two isomeric products, each having the molecular formula C4H7ClO. (a) What are these two compounds? (b) Write structural formulas for the enol intermediates that lead to each of these compounds. (c) Using curved arrows, show the flow of electrons in the reaction of each of the enols with Cl2.arrow_forward
