Problem 12.1P: Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well insulated on its back side. The irradiation on the... Problem 12.2P: A horizontal, opaque surface at a steady-state temperature of 77C is exposed to an airflow having a... Problem 12.3P: The top surface of an L=5mmthick anodized aluminum plate is irradiated with G=1000W/m2 while being... Problem 12.4P: A horizontal semitransparent plate is uniformly irradiated from above and below, while air at T=300K... Problem 12.5P: What is the irradiation at surfaces A2 , A3 , and A4 of Example 12.1 due to emission from A1 ? Problem 12.9P: According to its directional distribution, solar radiation incident on the earth’s surface may be... Problem 12.10P: Solar radiation incident on the earth’s surface may be divided into the direct and diffuse... Problem 12.11P: On an overcast day the directional distribution of the solar radiation incident on the earth’s... Problem 12.12P: During radiant heat treatment of a thin-film material, its shape, which may be hemispherical (a) or... Problem 12.14P: A small radiant heat source of area A1=2x104m2 emits diffusely with an intensity I1=1000W/m2sr. A... Problem 12.15P: Determine the fraction of the total, hemispherical emissive power that leaves a diffuse surface in... Problem 12.16P: The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a diffuse surface may be approximated as... Problem 12.17P: Consider a 5-mm-square, diffuse surface A0 having a total emissive power of E0=4000W/m2 . The... Problem 12.18P: Assuming blackbody behavior, determine the temperature of, and the energy emitted by, areas A1 in... Problem 12.19P: The dark surface of a ceramic stove top may be approximated as a blackbody. The “burners,” which are... Problem 12.20P: The energy flux associated with solar radiation incident on the outer surface of the earth’s... Problem 12.21P: A small flat plate is positioned just beyond the earth’s atmosphere and is oriented such that the... Problem 12.22P: A spherical aluminum shell of inside diameter D=2m is evacuated and is used as a radiation test... Problem 12.23P: The extremely high temperatures needed to trigger nuclear fusion are proposed to be generated by... Problem 12.24P: An enclosure has an inside area of 100m2 , and its inside surface is black and is maintained at a... Problem 12.25P: Assuming the earth’s surface is black, estimate its temperature if the sun has an equivalent... Problem 12.26P: A proposed method for generating electricity from solar irradiation is to concentrate the... Problem 12.27P: Approximations to Planck’s law for the spectral emissive power are the Wien and Rayleigh-Jeans... Problem 12.28P: Estimate the wavelength corresponding to maximum emission from each of the following surfaces: the... Problem 12.30P: A furnace with a long, isothermal, graphite tube of diameter D=12.5mm is maintained at Tf=2000K and... Problem 12.33P: Isothermal furnaces with small apertures approximating a blackbody are frequently used to calibrate... Problem 12.34P: For materials A and B, whose spectral hemispherical emissivities vary with wavelength as shown... Problem 12.35P: A small metal object, initially at Ti=1000K ,is cooled by radiation in a low-temperature vacuum... Problem 12.36P: The directional total emissivity of nonmetallic materials may be approximated as =ncos , where n is... Problem 12.37P: Consider the metallic surface of Example 12.7. Additional measurements of the spectral,... Problem 12.39P: The spectral, directional emissivity of a diffuse material at 2000K has the following distribution:... Problem 12.41P: Consider the directionally selective surface having the directional emissivity , as shown, Assuming... Problem 12.42P: A sphere is suspended in air in a dark room and maintained at a uniform incandescenttemperature.... Problem 12.44P: Estimate the total, hemispherical emissivity for polished stainless steel at 800 K using Equation... Problem 12.47P: Sheet steel emerging from the hot roll section of a steel mill has a temperature of 1200K , a... Problem 12.48P: A large body of nonluminous gas at a temperature of 1200K has emission bands between 2.5and3.5m and... Problem 12.49P: An opaque surface with the prescribed spectral, hemi- spherical reflectivity distribution is... Problem 12.51P: The spectral reflectivity distribution for white paint (Figure 12.22) can be approximated by the... Problem 12.55P: A diffuse, opaque surface at 700 K has spectral emissivities of =0for03m,=0.5for3m,and=0.9for10m... Problem 12.56P: The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface is as shown. What is the solar... Problem 12.57P: The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface and the spectral distribution of... Problem 12.58P: Consider an opaque, diffuse surface for which the spectral absorptivity and irradiation are as... Problem 12.60P: Radiation leaves a furnace of inside surface temperature 1500 K through an aperture 20 mm in... Problem 12.61P: The spectral transmissivity of a 1-mm-thick layer of liquid water can be approximated as follows:... Problem 12.62P: The spectral transmissivity of plain and tinted glass can be approximated as follows:... Problem 12.63P: Referring to the distribution of the spectral transmissivity of low iron glass (Figure 12.23),... Problem 12.64P: The spectral absorptivity and spectral reflectivity for a spectrally selective, diffuse material... Problem 12.65P: Consider a large furnace with opaque, diffuse, gray walls at 3000 K having an emissivity of 0.85. A... Problem 12.66P: Four diffuse surfaces having the spectral characteristics shown are at 300 K and are exposed to... Problem 12.68P: The spectral transmissivity of a 50m -thick polymer film is measured over the wavelength range... Problem 12.69P: An opaque, horizontal plate has a thickness of L=21mm and thermal conductivity k=25W/mK . Water... Problem 12.70P: Two small surfaces, A and B, are placed inside an isothermal enclosure at a uniform temperature. The... Problem 12.72P: Consider an opaque, diffuse surface whose spectral reflectivity varies with wavelength as shown. The... Problem 12.74P: The 50-mm peephole of a large furnace operating at 450C is covered with a material having =0.8 and... Problem 12.75P: The window of a large vacuum chamber is fabricated from a material of prescribed spectral... Problem 12.80P: A thermograph is a device responding to the radiant power from the scene, which reaches its... Problem 12.81P: A radiation thermometer is a radiometer calibrated to indicate the temperature of a blackbody. A... Problem 12.82P: A radiation detector has an aperture of area Ad=106m2 and is positioned at a distance of r=1 m from... Problem 12.83P: A small anodized aluminum block at 35C is heated in a large oven whose walls are diffuse and gray... Problem 12.84P: Consider the diffuse, gray opaque disk A1 , which has a diameter of 10 mm, an emissivity of 0.3, and... Problem 12.89P: A two-color pyrometer is a device that is used to measure the temperature of a diffuse surface, Ts .... Problem 12.92P: An apparatus commonly used for measuring the reflectivity of materials is shown below. A... Problem 12.95P: A procedure for measuring the thermal conductivity of solids at elevated temperatures involves... Problem 12.96P: One scheme for extending the operation of gas turbine blades to higher temperatures involves... Problem 12.97P: The equipment for heating a wafer during a semiconductor manufacturing process is shown... Problem 12.108P: Neglecting the effects of radiation absorption, emission, and scattering within their atmospheres,... Problem 12.110P: Consider the evacuated tube solar collector described in part (d) of Problem 1.87 of Chapter 1. In... Problem 12.111P: Solar flux of 900W/m2 is incident on the top side of a plate whose surface has a solar absorptivity... Problem 12.112P: Consider an opaque, gray surface whose directional absorptivity is 0.8 for 060and60 . The surface is... Problem 12.114P: A contractor must select a roof covering material from the two diffuse, opaque coatings with () as... Problem 12.115P: It is not uncommon for the night sky temperature in desert regions to drop to 40C . If the ambient... Problem 12.116P: Plant leaves possess small channels that connect the interior moist region of the leaf to the... Problem 12.117P: In the central receiver concept of solar energy collection, a large number of heliostats... Problem 12.119P: Radiation from the atmosphere or sky can be estimated as a fraction of the blackbody radiation... Problem 12.120P: A thin sheet of glass is used on the roof of a green- house and is irradiated as shown The... Problem 12.123P: Growers use giant fans to prevent grapes from freezing when the effective sky temperature is low.... Problem 12.124P: A circular metal disk having a diameter of 0.4 m is placed firmly against the ground in a barren... Problem 12.125P: The neighborhood cat likes to sleep on the roof of our shed in the backyard. The roofing surface is... Problem 12.126P: The exposed surface of a power amplifier for an earth satellite receiver of area 130mmx130mm has a... Problem 12.127P: Consider a thin opaque, horizontal plate with an electrical heater on its backside. The front side... Problem 12.128P: The oxidized-aluminum wing of an aircraft has a chord length of Lc 4 m and a spectral, hemispher-... Problem 12.129P: Two plates, one with a black painted surface and the other with a special coating (chemically... Problem 12.130P: A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power station must dissipate heat being generated within... Problem 12.131P: A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power station must dissipate heat being generated within... Problem 12.132P: A spherical satellite in near-earth orbit is exposed to solar irradiation of 1368W/m2 . To maintain... Problem 12.133P: An annular fin of thickness t is used as a radiator to dissipate heat for a space power system. The... Problem 12.135P: The directional absorptivity of a gray surface varies with as follows (a) What is the ratio of the... Problem 12.136P: Two special coatings are available for application to an absorber plate installed below the cover... Problem 12.137P: Consider the spherical satellite of Problem 12.130. Instead of the entire satellite being coated... Problem 12.138P: A spherical capsule of 3-m radius is fired from a space platform in earth orbit, such that it... Problem 12.140P: Consider the spherical satellite of Problem 12.130. By changing the thickness of the diffuse... Problem 12.141P: A solar panel mounted on a spacecraft has an area of 1 m2 and a solar-to-electrical power conversion... Problem 12.142P: It is known that on clear nights a thin layer of water on the ground will freeze before the air... Problem 12.143P: A shallow layer of water is exposed to the natural environment as shown Consider conditions for... Problem 12.144P: A roof-cooling system, which operates by maintaining a thin film of water on the roof surface, may... Problem 12.145P: A wet towel hangs on a clothes line under conditions for which one surface receives solar... Problem 12.146P: Our students perform a laboratory experiment to determine mass transfer from a wet paper towel... format_list_bulleted