Chapter 8.4, Problem 29SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{H}$ and $\text{Br}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

Molecules also contain positive and negative ends; these are known as polar molecules. If not, they are referred as non-polar.

Answer to Problem 29SP

The moderately polar covalent compound

Explanation of Solution

  $\text{Br-Br}$ is a highly covalent bond whereas $\text{HBr}$ is a slightly polar covalent bond.

  $\text{ΔEN= 2}\text{.8-2}\text{.1 = 0}\text{.7}$ for H and Br.

Therefore, a moderately polar covalent connection between H and Br would exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{Cl}$ and $\text{F}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

When two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent connection is formed. The two atomic nuclei are concurrently drawing these electrons to them.

Answer to Problem 29SP

  $\text{Cl-F}$ is a moderately polar covalent bond.

Explanation of Solution

In general, nonpolar covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference of $\text{0-0}\text{.5}$ , covalent bonds have an $\Delta$ EN(Electronegativity difference) of $\text{0}\text{.5-2}\text{.0}$ , and ionic bonds have an EN difference of $2.0$ or higher.

Atoms are held together in the form of compounds by chemical bonds, which are strong forces of attraction. Using the electronegativity difference (EN) between the atoms, it is possible to determine the type of bond.

  $\text{CL}$ and $\text{F}$ :- $\Delta EN=4-3=1$

Therefore, this bond is moderately polar covalent.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{K}$ and $\text{CL}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

Ions with opposing charges electrostatically attract one another to form ionic bonds, sometimes referred to as electrovalent bonds, in chemical molecules.

Answer to Problem 29SP

  $\text{K}$ and $\text{CL}$ is an Ionic bond.

Explanation of Solution

In general, nonpolar covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference of $\text{0-0}\text{.5}$ , covalent bonds have an $\Delta$ EN(Electronegativity difference) of $\text{0}\text{.5-2}\text{.0}$ , and ionic bonds have an EN difference of $2.0$ or higher.

  $\text{K}$ and $\text{Cl}$ :- $\Delta EN=3.0-0.8=2.2$

Hence this bond is Ionic.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{Li}$ and $\text{O}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

Ions with opposing charges electrostatically attract one another to form ionic bonds, sometimes referred to as electrovalent bonds, in chemical molecules.

Answer to Problem 29SP

  $\text{Li}$ and $\text{O}$ is an ionic bond.

Explanation of Solution

In general, nonpolar covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference of $\text{0-0}\text{.5}$ , covalent bonds have an $\Delta$ EN(Electronegativity difference) of $\text{0}\text{.5-2}\text{.0}$ , and ionic bonds have an EN difference of $2.0$ or higher.

  $\text{Li}$ and $\text{O}$ :- $\Delta EN=3.5-1.0=2.5$

Therefore, this bond is ionic.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{C}$ and $\text{O}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

A polar covalent bond is a bond created by exchanging electrons between two atoms with different electronegativities.

Answer to Problem 29SP

  $\text{C}$ and $\text{O}$ is a moderately polar covalent bond.

Explanation of Solution

In general, nonpolar covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference of $\text{0-0}\text{.5}$ , covalent bonds have an $\Delta$ EN(Electronegativity difference) of $\text{0}\text{.5-2}\text{.0}$ , and ionic bonds have an EN difference of $2.0$ or higher.

  $\text{C}$ and $\text{O}$ :- $\Delta EN=3.5-2.5=1.0$

Therefore, $\text{C}$ and $\text{O}$ is a moderately polar covalent bond.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair of the element as a nonpolar covalent, moderately polar covenant, very covalent, or ionic in $\text{Br}$ and $\text{Br}$ .

Concept Interpretation:

When two atoms exchange one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent connection is created.

Answer to Problem 29SP

  $\text{Br}$ and $\text{Br}$ is a highly covalent bond.

Explanation of Solution

In general, nonpolar covalent bonds have an electronegativity difference of $\text{0-0}\text{.5}$ , covalent bonds have an $\Delta$ EN(Electronegativity difference) of $\text{0}\text{.5-2}\text{.0}$ , and ionic bonds have an EN difference of $2.0$ or higher.

  $\text{Br}$ and $\text{Br}$ :- $\Delta EN=2.8-2.8=0$

Hence $\text{Br}$ and $\text{Br}$ is a highly covalent bond.