Chapter 8, Problem 77A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The geometry around the central atom in the given molecule needs to be determined.

  

Concept Introduction: VSEPR theory is used to predict the molecular shape with the help of electron pairs around the central atoms of the molecule. It is based on the assumption that the shape of the molecule is such that there is minimum electronic repulsion between the valence shell and the atom.

Explanation of Solution

According to VSEPR theory, the following table shows the relation between the total number of bonding and non-bonding pair of electrons and the geometry of a molecule.

Total number of bonding and non-bonding pairs	Hybridization	Electron pair geometry	Shape
			No lone pairs	1	2	3	4
6	$s{p}^3{d}^2$	Octahedral	Octahedral	Square pyramidal	Square planar	T-shaped	Linear
5	$s{p}^{3}d$	Trigonal pyramidal	Trigonal pyramidal	Sawhorse	T-shared	Linear
4	$s{p}^3$	Tetrahedral	Tetrahedral	Trigonal planar	Bent
3	$s{p}^2$	Trigonal planar	Trigonal planar	Bent
2	$sp$	Linear	Linear

The given molecule is as follows:

  

Here, central atom is bonded with three atoms via single bond. Also, there is no lone pair of electrons on central atom. The hybridization of central metal atom is $s{p}^2$ . According to VSEPR theory, the geometry around the central atom is trigonal planar.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The geometry around the central atom in the given molecule needs to be determined.

  

Concept Introduction: VSEPR theory is used to predict the molecular shape with the help of electron pairs around the central atoms of the molecule. It is based on the assumption that the shape of the molecule is such that there is minimum electronic repulsion between the valence shell and the atom.

Explanation of Solution

According to VSEPR theory, the following table shows the relation between the total number of bonding and non-bonding pair of electrons and the geometry of a molecule.

Total number of bonding and non-bonding pairs	Hybridization	Electron pair geometry	Shape
			No lone pairs	1	2	3	4
6	$s{p}^3{d}^2$	Octahedral	Octahedral	Square pyramidal	Square planar	T-shaped	Linear
5	$s{p}^{3}d$	Trigonal pyramidal	Trigonal pyramidal	Sawhorse	T-shared	Linear
4	$s{p}^3$	Tetrahedral	Tetrahedral	Trigonal planar	Bent
3	$s{p}^2$	Trigonal planar	Trigonal planar	Bent
2	$sp$	Linear	Linear

The given molecule is as follows:

  

Here, the central atom is bonded with two atoms via a single bond. Also, there is no lone pair of electrons on the central atom. The hybridization of the central metal atom is $sp$ . According to VSEPR theory, the geometry around the central atom is linear.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The geometry around the central atom in the given molecule needs to be determined.

  

Concept Introduction: VSEPR theory is used to predict the molecular shape with the help of electron pairs around the central atoms of the molecule. It is based on the assumption that the shape of the molecule is such that there is minimum electronic repulsion between the valence shell and the atom.

Explanation of Solution

According to VSEPR theory, the following table shows the relation between the total number of bonding and non-bonding pair of electrons and the geometry of a molecule.

Total number of bonding and non-bonding pairs	Hybridization	Electron pair geometry	Shape
			No lone pairs	1	2	3	4
6	$s{p}^3{d}^2$	Octahedral	Octahedral	Square pyramidal	Square planar	T-shaped	Linear
5	$s{p}^{3}d$	Trigonal pyramidal	Trigonal pyramidal	Sawhorse	T-shared	Linear
4	$s{p}^3$	Tetrahedral	Tetrahedral	Trigonal planar	Bent
3	$s{p}^2$	Trigonal planar	Trigonal planar	Bent
2	$sp$	Linear	Linear

The given molecule is as follows:

  

Here, the central atom is bonded with three atoms via a single bond. The geometry is bent which indicates one lone pair of electrons on the central atom. Due to one lone pair of electrons and three bond pairs of electrons, the central atom has $s{p}^3$ hybridization. The geometry of the molecule will be tetrahedral but the shape is bent.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The geometry around the central atom in the given molecule needs to be determined.

  

Concept Introduction: VSEPR theory is used to predict the molecular shape with the help of electron pairs around the central atoms of the molecule. It is based on the assumption that the shape of the molecule is such that there is minimum electronic repulsion between the valence shell and the atom.

Explanation of Solution

According to VSEPR theory, the following table shows the relation between the total number of bonding and non-bonding pair of electrons and the geometry of a molecule.

Total number of bonding and non-bonding pairs	Hybridization	Electron pair geometry	Shape
			No lone pairs	1	2	3	4
6	$s{p}^3{d}^2$	Octahedral	Octahedral	Square pyramidal	Square planar	T-shaped	Linear
5	$s{p}^{3}d$	Trigonal pyramidal	Trigonal pyramidal	Sawhorse	T-shared	Linear
4	$s{p}^3$	Tetrahedral	Tetrahedral	Trigonal planar	Bent
3	$s{p}^2$	Trigonal planar	Trigonal planar	Bent
2	$sp$	Linear	Linear

The given molecule is as follows:

  

Here, the central atom is bonded with three atoms via a single bond. Also, there is no lone pair of electrons on the central atom. The hybridization of the central metal atom is $s{p}^3$ . According to VSEPR theory, the geometry around the central atom is tetrahedral.