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Calculate the total number of electrons that can occupy (a) one s orbital, (b) three p orbitals, (c) five d orbitals, (d) seven f orbitals.
(a)
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Interpretation:
The total number of electrons which can occupy in s, p, d and f-orbitals should be identified using the concept of quantum numbers.
Concept Introduction
Quantum Numbers
Quantum numbers are explained for the distribution of electron density in an atom. They are derived from the mathematical solution of Schrodinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom. The types of quantum numbers are the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml) and the electron spin quantum number (ms). Each atomic orbital in an atom is categorized by a unique set of the quantum numbers.
Principal Quantum Number (n)
The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2. As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
The angular momentum quantum number (l) explains the shape of the atomic orbital. The values of l are integers which depend on the value of the principal quantum number, n. For a given value of n, the possible values of l range are from 0 to n − 1. If n = 1, there is only one possible value of l (l=0). If n = 2, there are two values of l: 0 and 1. If n = 3, there are three values of l: 0, 1, and 2. The value of l is selected by the letters s, p, d, and f. If l = 0, we have an s orbital; if l = 1, we have a p orbital; if l = 2, we have a d orbital and finally if l = 3, we have a f orbital. A collection of orbitals with the same value of n is called a shell. One or more orbitals with the same n and l values are referred to a subshell (sublevel). The value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell increases with l (s < p < d < f).
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number (ml) explains the orientation of the orbital in space. The value of ml depends on the value of l in a subshell. This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons. For a certain value of l, there are (2l + 1) integral values of ml which is explained as follows:
ml = ‒ l, ..., 0, ..., +l
If l = 0, there is only one possible value of ml: 0.
If l = 1, then there are three values of ml: −1, 0, and +1.
If l = 2, there are five values of ml, namely, −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2.
If l = 3, there are seven values of ml, namely, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, and +3, and so on.
The number of ml values indicates the number of orbitals in a subshell with a particular l value. Therefore, each ml value refers to a different orbital.
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)
It specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions. There are two possible ways to represent ms values. They are +½ and ‒½. One electron spins in the clockwise direction. Another electron spins in the anticlockwise direction. But, no two electrons should have the same spin quantum number.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom should have the four same quantum numbers. Two electrons are occupied in an atomic orbital because there are two possible values of ms. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. If two electrons have the same values of n, l and ml values, they should have different values of ms.
To find: Count the total number of electrons which can occupy in one s-orbital
Find the value of ‘l’ for one s-orbital
If the angular momentum quantum number (l) is 0, it corresponds to an s subshell for any value of the principal quantum number (n).
Find the value of ‘ml’ for one s-orbital
If l = 0, the magnetic quantum number (ml) has only one possible value which is again zero. It corresponds to an s orbital.
Count the electrons in one s-orbital
Answer to Problem 3.96QP
The total number of electrons which can occupy in one s-orbital is 2 (a).
Explanation of Solution
There is an s subshell in every shell and each s subshell contains just one orbital. In one orbital, there are two electrons are occupied. Therefore, the total number of electrons which can occupy in one s-orbital is 2.
(b)
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Interpretation:
The total number of electrons which can occupy in s, p, d and f-orbitals should be identified using the concept of quantum numbers.
Concept Introduction
Quantum Numbers
Quantum numbers are explained for the distribution of electron density in an atom. They are derived from the mathematical solution of Schrodinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom. The types of quantum numbers are the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml) and the electron spin quantum number (ms). Each atomic orbital in an atom is categorized by a unique set of the quantum numbers.
Principal Quantum Number (n)
The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2. As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
The angular momentum quantum number (l) explains the shape of the atomic orbital. The values of l are integers which depend on the value of the principal quantum number, n. For a given value of n, the possible values of l range are from 0 to n − 1. If n = 1, there is only one possible value of l (l=0). If n = 2, there are two values of l: 0 and 1. If n = 3, there are three values of l: 0, 1, and 2. The value of l is selected by the letters s, p, d, and f. If l = 0, we have an s orbital; if l = 1, we have a p orbital; if l = 2, we have a d orbital and finally if l = 3, we have a f orbital. A collection of orbitals with the same value of n is called a shell. One or more orbitals with the same n and l values are referred to a subshell (sublevel). The value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell increases with l (s < p < d < f).
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number (ml) explains the orientation of the orbital in space. The value of ml depends on the value of l in a subshell. This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons. For a certain value of l, there are (2l + 1) integral values of ml which is explained as follows:
ml = ‒ l, ..., 0, ..., +l
If l = 0, there is only one possible value of ml: 0.
If l = 1, then there are three values of ml: −1, 0, and +1.
If l = 2, there are five values of ml, namely, −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2.
If l = 3, there are seven values of ml, namely, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, and +3, and so on.
The number of ml values indicates the number of orbitals in a subshell with a particular l value. Therefore, each ml value refers to a different orbital.
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)
It specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions. There are two possible ways to represent ms values. They are +½ and ‒½. One electron spins in the clockwise direction. Another electron spins in the anticlockwise direction. But, no two electrons should have the same spin quantum number.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom should have the four same quantum numbers. Two electrons are occupied in an atomic orbital because there are two possible values of ms. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. If two electrons have the same values of n, l and ml values, they should have different values of ms.
To find: Count the total number of electrons which can occupy in one p-orbital
Find the value of ‘l’ for one p-orbital
If the angular momentum quantum number (l) is 1, it corresponds to a p subshell for the principal quantum number (n) of 2 or greater values.
Find the value of ‘ml’ for one p-orbital
If l = 1, the magnetic quantum number (ml) has the three possible ways such as −1, 0 and +1 values. It corresponds to three p-subshells. They are labeled px, py, and pz with the subscripted letters indicating the axis along which each orbital is oriented. The three p orbitals are identical in size, shape and energy; they differ from one another only in orientation.
Count the electrons in one p-orbital.
Answer to Problem 3.96QP
The total number of electrons which can occupy in one p-orbital is 6 (b).
Explanation of Solution
There are three p-subshells in every p-orbitals. In one subshell, there are two electrons are occupied. In p-orbital, (3 × 2) = 6 electrons are occupied. Therefore, the total number of electrons which can occupy in one p-orbital is 6.
(c)
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Interpretation:
The total number of electrons which can occupy in s, p, d and f-orbitals should be identified using the concept of quantum numbers.
Concept Introduction
Quantum Numbers
Quantum numbers are explained for the distribution of electron density in an atom. They are derived from the mathematical solution of Schrodinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom. The types of quantum numbers are the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml) and the electron spin quantum number (ms). Each atomic orbital in an atom is categorized by a unique set of the quantum numbers.
Principal Quantum Number (n)
The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2. As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
The angular momentum quantum number (l) explains the shape of the atomic orbital. The values of l are integers which depend on the value of the principal quantum number, n. For a given value of n, the possible values of l range are from 0 to n − 1. If n = 1, there is only one possible value of l (l=0). If n = 2, there are two values of l: 0 and 1. If n = 3, there are three values of l: 0, 1, and 2. The value of l is selected by the letters s, p, d, and f. If l = 0, we have an s orbital; if l = 1, we have a p orbital; if l = 2, we have a d orbital and finally if l = 3, we have a f orbital. A collection of orbitals with the same value of n is called a shell. One or more orbitals with the same n and l values are referred to a subshell (sublevel). The value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell increases with l (s < p < d < f).
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number (ml) explains the orientation of the orbital in space. The value of ml depends on the value of l in a subshell. This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons. For a certain value of l, there are (2l + 1) integral values of ml which is explained as follows:
ml = ‒ l, ..., 0, ..., +l
If l = 0, there is only one possible value of ml: 0.
If l = 1, then there are three values of ml: −1, 0, and +1.
If l = 2, there are five values of ml, namely, −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2.
If l = 3, there are seven values of ml, namely, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, and +3, and so on.
The number of ml values indicates the number of orbitals in a subshell with a particular l value. Therefore, each ml value refers to a different orbital.
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)
It specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions. There are two possible ways to represent ms values. They are +½ and ‒½. One electron spins in the clockwise direction. Another electron spins in the anticlockwise direction. But, no two electrons should have the same spin quantum number.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom should have the four same quantum numbers. Two electrons are occupied in an atomic orbital because there are two possible values of ms. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. If two electrons have the same values of n, l and ml values, they should have different values of ms.
To find: Count the total number of electrons which can occupy in one d-orbital
Find the value of ‘l’ for one d-orbital
If the angular momentum quantum number (l) is 2, it corresponds to a d subshell for the principal quantum number (n) of 3 or greater values.
Find the value of ‘ml’ for one d-orbital
If l = 2, the magnetic quantum number (ml) has the five possible ways such as −2, −1, 0, +1 and +2 values. It corresponds to five d-subshells.
Count the electrons in one d-orbital.
Answer to Problem 3.96QP
The total number of electrons which can occupy in one d-orbital is 10 (c).
Explanation of Solution
There are five d-subshells in every d-orbitals. In one subshell, there are two electrons are occupied. In d-orbital, (5 × 2) = 10 electrons are occupied. Therefore, the total number of electrons which can occupy in one d-orbital is 10.
(d)
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Interpretation:
The total number of electrons which can occupy in s, p, d and f-orbitals should be identified using the concept of quantum numbers.
Concept Introduction
Quantum Numbers
Quantum numbers are explained for the distribution of electron density in an atom. They are derived from the mathematical solution of Schrodinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom. The types of quantum numbers are the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml) and the electron spin quantum number (ms). Each atomic orbital in an atom is categorized by a unique set of the quantum numbers.
Principal Quantum Number (n)
The principal quantum number (n) assigns the size of the orbital and specifies the energy of an electron. If the value of n is larger, then the average distance of an electron in the orbital from the nucleus will be greater. Therefore the size of the orbital is large. The principal quantum numbers have the integral values of 1, 2, 3 and so forth and it corresponds to the quantum number in Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. If all orbitals have the same value of ‘n’, they are said to be in the same shell (level). The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2. As the value of ‘n’ increases, the energy of the electron also increases.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
The angular momentum quantum number (l) explains the shape of the atomic orbital. The values of l are integers which depend on the value of the principal quantum number, n. For a given value of n, the possible values of l range are from 0 to n − 1. If n = 1, there is only one possible value of l (l=0). If n = 2, there are two values of l: 0 and 1. If n = 3, there are three values of l: 0, 1, and 2. The value of l is selected by the letters s, p, d, and f. If l = 0, we have an s orbital; if l = 1, we have a p orbital; if l = 2, we have a d orbital and finally if l = 3, we have a f orbital. A collection of orbitals with the same value of n is called a shell. One or more orbitals with the same n and l values are referred to a subshell (sublevel). The value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell increases with l (s < p < d < f).
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The magnetic quantum number (ml) explains the orientation of the orbital in space. The value of ml depends on the value of l in a subshell. This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons. For a certain value of l, there are (2l + 1) integral values of ml which is explained as follows:
ml = ‒ l, ..., 0, ..., +l
If l = 0, there is only one possible value of ml: 0.
If l = 1, then there are three values of ml: −1, 0, and +1.
If l = 2, there are five values of ml, namely, −2, −1, 0, +1, and +2.
If l = 3, there are seven values of ml, namely, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, and +3, and so on.
The number of ml values indicates the number of orbitals in a subshell with a particular l value. Therefore, each ml value refers to a different orbital.
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)
It specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions. There are two possible ways to represent ms values. They are +½ and ‒½. One electron spins in the clockwise direction. Another electron spins in the anticlockwise direction. But, no two electrons should have the same spin quantum number.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom should have the four same quantum numbers. Two electrons are occupied in an atomic orbital because there are two possible values of ms. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. If two electrons have the same values of n, l and ml values, they should have different values of ms.
To find: Count the total number of electrons which can occupy in one f-orbital
Find the value of ‘l’ for one f-orbital
If the angular momentum quantum number (l) is 3, it corresponds to a f subshell for the principal quantum number (n) of 4 or greater values.
Find the value of ‘ml’ for one f-orbital.
Answer to Problem 3.96QP
The total number of electrons which can occupy in one f-orbital is 14 (d).
Explanation of Solution
If l = 3, the magnetic quantum number (ml) has the seven possible ways such as −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 and +3 values. It corresponds to seven f-subshells.
Count the electrons in one f-orbital
There are seven f-subshells in every f-orbitals. In one subshell, there are two electrons are occupied. In f-orbital, (7 × 2) = 14 electrons are occupied. Therefore, the total number of electrons which can occupy in one f-orbital is 14.
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Chemistry: Atoms First
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