
Interpretation:
The
Concept Introduction:
An orbital is a region of space in which electrons are filled. It can hold up to two electrons.
An atomic orbital is the region of space in which the probability of finding the electrons is highest. It is subdivided into 4 orbitals such as
The orders in which orbitals are filled by the electrons are governed by three basic principles.
- 1. Aufbau principle: In the ground state of an atom, an electron enters the orbital with lowest energy first and subsequent electrons are fed in the order of increasing energies. The word 'aufbau' in German means 'building up'. Here, it refers to the filling up of orbitals with electrons.
- 2. Pauli exclusion principle: As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins.
- 3. Hund’s rule: Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is paired and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom in atomic orbitals. By following these three principles, electronic configuration of a particular atom is written.

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Chapter 3 Solutions
Chemistry: Atoms First
- Tarrow_forwardPredict the major organic product(s) of the following reactions. Indicate which of the following mechanisms is in operation: SN1, SN2, E1, or E2.arrow_forward(c) (4pts) Mechanism: heat (E1) CH3OH + 1.5pts each _E1 _ (1pt) Br CH3OH (d) (4pts) Mechanism: SN1 (1pt) (e) (3pts) 1111 I H 10 Ill!! H LDA THF (solvent) Mechanism: E2 (1pt) NC (f) Bri!!!!! CH3 NaCN (3pts) acetone Mechanism: SN2 (1pt) (SN1) -OCH3 OCH3 1.5pts each 2pts for either product 1pt if incorrect stereochemistry H Br (g) “,、 (3pts) H CH3OH +21 Mechanism: SN2 (1pt) H CH3 2pts 1pt if incorrect stereochemistry H 2pts 1pt if incorrect stereochemistryarrow_forward
- A mixture of butyl acrylate and 4'-chloropropiophenone has been taken for proton NMR analysis. Based on this proton NMR, determine the relative percentage of each compound in the mixturearrow_forwardQ5: Label each chiral carbon in the following molecules as R or S. Make sure the stereocenter to which each of your R/S assignments belong is perfectly clear to the grader. (8pts) R OCH 3 CI H S 2pts for each R/S HO R H !!! I OH CI HN CI R Harrow_forwardCalculate the proton and carbon chemical shifts for this structurearrow_forward
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