The kind of linkage between the sugar and the phosphate groups has to be explained with the structure. Concept Introduction: Composition of nucleic acid : Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two nucleotides are joined by phosphate diester linkage where a free phosphate on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and a free –OH group on 3’ carbon of another nucleotide. Sugar: In both DNA and RNA, sugar portion is found. In DNA, the sugar is D-ribose, where at 2’hydroxyl group is absent and in RNA, the hydroxyl group is present at 2’. Nitrogenous bases: Five types of nitrogenous bases (has unique one-letter code A, G, T, U, and C) are derived from two parent compounds called purine and pyrimidine. The purine derivatives are Adenine and Guanine are two fused nitrogen-containing rings. The pyrimidine derivatives are Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are six-membered nitrogen-containing ring. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine are the nitrogenous bases present in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil are the nitrogenous bases present in RNA. Nucleotide: (Nucleoside + phosphate) Nucleotides are the building blocks of nuclei acids; monomers of DNA and RNA polymers . At carbon-5’ of the ribose sugar, a phosphate group is added which is collectively known as nucleotide. Phosphate groups can be added to any of the nucleotide to form diphosphate or triphosphate. Numbering the atoms in sugar and base rings: In order to distinguish the atoms in the sugar of a nucleoside and atoms of a base ring, numbers without prime is used for atoms in the base ring and numbers with prime used for the atoms in the sugar ring.

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Chapter 26, Problem 26.36AP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The kind of linkage between the sugar and the phosphate groups has to be explained with the structure.

Concept Introduction:

Composition of nucleic acid: Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two nucleotides are joined by phosphate diester linkage where a free phosphate on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and a free –OH group on 3’ carbon of another nucleotide.

Sugar: In both DNA and RNA, sugar portion is found. In DNA, the sugar is D-ribose, where at 2’hydroxyl group is absent and in RNA, the hydroxyl group is present at 2’.

Nitrogenous bases: Five types of nitrogenous bases (has unique one-letter code A, G, T, U, and C) are derived from two parent compounds called purine and pyrimidine. The purine derivatives are Adenine and Guanine are two fused nitrogen-containing rings. The pyrimidine derivatives are Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are six-membered nitrogen-containing ring. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine are the nitrogenous bases present in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil are the nitrogenous bases present in RNA.

Nucleotide: (Nucleoside + phosphate)

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nuclei acids; monomers of DNA and RNA polymers. At carbon-5’ of the ribose sugar, a phosphate group is added which is collectively known as nucleotide. Phosphate groups can be added to any of the nucleotide to form diphosphate or triphosphate.

Numbering the atoms in sugar and base rings:

In order to distinguish the atoms in the sugar of a nucleoside and atoms of a base ring, numbers without prime is used for atoms in the base ring and numbers with prime used for the atoms in the sugar ring.

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draw a picture of a SINGLE strand of DNA (a polynucleotide) composed of 9 (nine) nucleotides of your choice. Do use ALL 4 nucleotides. Use 3 simple symbols to represent the phosphate, the sugar, and the base in each nucleotide. For example, use a circle with the letter “P” for the phosphate in the backbone, a square with the letter “S” for the sugar in the backbone, and a triangle with the letter “A, T, C or G” for the bases.As you draw the diagram be sure to put solid lines for the covalent bonds you are creating to join new nucleotides to the elongating DNA chain.

show the structure for nucleosides of DNA:

If one side of DNA molecule had a base sequence of adenine-adenine-guanine-cytosine-thymine-cytosine-thymine, what would the sequence of bases on the opposite side of the molecule be?