Chapter 19, Problem 52A

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation : The Arrhenius definition for acids and bases is to be described.

Concept Introduction : Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius initially proposed the Arrhenius theory. A new definition and technique of conceptualizing acids and bases were put forth by Arrhenius.

Answer to Problem 52A

Acids are used to produce hydrogen ions by ionization and bases are used to produce hydroxide ions by ionization in an aqueous solution.

Explanation of Solution

Arrhenius discovered that the acid solution conducts electricity by causing the substance to dissolve and then split into ions.

Acids, according to Arrhenius, are substances that contain hydrogen and ionize to produce hydrogen ions $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$ in an aqueous solution.

For example, Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.

Hydrochloric acid when dissolved in water gives hydrogen ions.

  $\text{HCl}\left(g\right)\stackrel{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}}{\to }{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{Cl}}^{-}\left(aq\right)$

Bases are substances that ionize in aqueous solutions to produce hydroxide ions $\left({\text{OH}}^{-}\right)$ .

For example, Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc.

Sodium hydroxide when dissolved in water gives hydroxide ions.

  $\text{NaOH}\left(s\right)\stackrel{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}}{\to }{\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{OH}}^{-}\left(aq\right)$