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Half-Reaction 0₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O 8°(V) 0.815 NO3 + 2H + + 2e NO2 + H₂O 0.42 Cytochrome a3 (Fe³+)+e cytochrome a₂ (Fe²+) 0.385 O₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O₂ 0.295 Cytochrome a (Fe3+) + e cytochrome a (Fe2+) 0.29 Cytochrome c (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome c (Fe²+) = 0.235 Cytochrome c, (Fe³*) + e cytochrome c, (Fe2+) 0.22 Cytochrome b (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome b (Fe2+) (mitochondrial) 0.077 Ubiquinone + 2 H+ + 2e ubiquinol 0.045 Fumarate + 2 H+ + 2e succinate 0.031 FAD + 2H + + 2e FADH2 (in flavoproteins) -0.040 Oxaloacetate + 2 H+ + 2e malate -0.166 Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2e lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e ethanol -0.197 = S+2H+2e H₂S FAD + 2 H+ + 2e FADH2 (free coenzyme) Lipoic acid + 2H+ + 2edihydrolipoic acid -0.219 -0.23 -0.29 NAD+ + H+ + 2e NADH -0.315 NADP+ + H+ + 2e NADPH -0.320 Cysteine disulfide + 2 H+ + 2e2 cysteine -0.340 Acetoacetate +2 H+ + 2e ẞ-hydroxybutyrate -0.346 H+ + e H₂ -0.421 SO +2 H+ + 2e=SO + H₂O -0.515 Acetate +3H+ + 2e acetaldehyde + H₂O -0.581

Half-Reaction 0₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O 8°(V) 0.815 NO3 + 2H + + 2e NO2 + H₂O 0.42 Cytochrome a3 (Fe³+)+e cytochrome a₂ (Fe²+) 0.385 O₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O₂ 0.295 Cytochrome a (Fe3+) + e cytochrome a (Fe2+) 0.29 Cytochrome c (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome c (Fe²+) = 0.235 Cytochrome c, (Fe³*) + e cytochrome c, (Fe2+) 0.22 Cytochrome b (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome b (Fe2+) (mitochondrial) 0.077 Ubiquinone + 2 H+ + 2e ubiquinol 0.045 Fumarate + 2 H+ + 2e succinate 0.031 FAD + 2H + + 2e FADH2 (in flavoproteins) -0.040 Oxaloacetate + 2 H+ + 2e malate -0.166 Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2e lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e ethanol -0.197 = S+2H+2e H₂S FAD + 2 H+ + 2e FADH2 (free coenzyme) Lipoic acid + 2H+ + 2edihydrolipoic acid -0.219 -0.23 -0.29 NAD+ + H+ + 2e NADH -0.315 NADP+ + H+ + 2e NADPH -0.320 Cysteine disulfide + 2 H+ + 2e2 cysteine -0.340 Acetoacetate +2 H+ + 2e ẞ-hydroxybutyrate -0.346 H+ + e H₂ -0.421 SO +2 H+ + 2e=SO + H₂O -0.515 Acetate +3H+ + 2e acetaldehyde + H₂O -0.581

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Chapter21: Photosynthesis
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 17P
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The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
in skeletal muscle cells using NAD/NADH during anaerobic “balanced” fermentation.
Answer the following questions about this reaction.

(a) Write out the two reductive half reactions and indicate the E ̊' for each half reaction. Write out the full balanced reaction for the pyruvate to lactate rxn and indicate the ∆E ̊' for the reaction.


(b) What is the free energy change under standard state conditions for this
reaction? Which direction is spontaneous?

(c) Assume that in skeletal muscle cells the ratio of [NAD+] to [NADH] is 100, and that the
[pyruvate] = 0.40 mM and [lactate] = 4.0 mM. What is the free energy change (∆G')
for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate? Indicate the direction in which the reaction
is spontaneous under these cellular conditions.

Half-Reaction 0₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O 8°(V) 0.815 NO3 + 2H + + 2e NO2 + H₂O 0.42 Cytochrome a3 (Fe³+)+e cytochrome a₂ (Fe²+) 0.385 O₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O₂ 0.295 Cytochrome a (Fe3+) + e cytochrome a (Fe2+) 0.29 Cytochrome c (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome c (Fe²+) = 0.235 Cytochrome c, (Fe³*) + e cytochrome c, (Fe2+) 0.22 Cytochrome b (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome b (Fe2+) (mitochondrial) 0.077 Ubiquinone + 2 H+ + 2e ubiquinol 0.045 Fumarate + 2 H+ + 2e succinate 0.031 FAD + 2H + + 2e FADH2 (in flavoproteins) -0.040 Oxaloacetate + 2 H+ + 2e malate -0.166 Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2e lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e ethanol -0.197 = S+2H+2e H₂S FAD + 2 H+ + 2e FADH2 (free coenzyme) Lipoic acid + 2H+ + 2edihydrolipoic acid -0.219 -0.23 -0.29 NAD+ + H+ + 2e NADH -0.315 NADP+ + H+ + 2e NADPH -0.320 Cysteine disulfide + 2 H+ + 2e2 cysteine -0.340 Acetoacetate +2 H+ + 2e ẞ-hydroxybutyrate -0.346 H+ + e H₂ -0.421 SO +2 H+ + 2e=SO + H₂O -0.515 Acetate +3H+ + 2e acetaldehyde + H₂O -0.581
Transcribed Image Text:Half-Reaction 0₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O 8°(V) 0.815 NO3 + 2H + + 2e NO2 + H₂O 0.42 Cytochrome a3 (Fe³+)+e cytochrome a₂ (Fe²+) 0.385 O₂+2H+ + 2e H₂O₂ 0.295 Cytochrome a (Fe3+) + e cytochrome a (Fe2+) 0.29 Cytochrome c (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome c (Fe²+) = 0.235 Cytochrome c, (Fe³*) + e cytochrome c, (Fe2+) 0.22 Cytochrome b (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome b (Fe2+) (mitochondrial) 0.077 Ubiquinone + 2 H+ + 2e ubiquinol 0.045 Fumarate + 2 H+ + 2e succinate 0.031 FAD + 2H + + 2e FADH2 (in flavoproteins) -0.040 Oxaloacetate + 2 H+ + 2e malate -0.166 Pyruvate + 2 H+ + 2e lactate -0.185 Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e ethanol -0.197 = S+2H+2e H₂S FAD + 2 H+ + 2e FADH2 (free coenzyme) Lipoic acid + 2H+ + 2edihydrolipoic acid -0.219 -0.23 -0.29 NAD+ + H+ + 2e NADH -0.315 NADP+ + H+ + 2e NADPH -0.320 Cysteine disulfide + 2 H+ + 2e2 cysteine -0.340 Acetoacetate +2 H+ + 2e ẞ-hydroxybutyrate -0.346 H+ + e H₂ -0.421 SO +2 H+ + 2e=SO + H₂O -0.515 Acetate +3H+ + 2e acetaldehyde + H₂O -0.581
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