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Answered: Br Br Br ~ Br You NaN₂ DMF SN1 E1 SN2…

Biomedical Instrumentation Systems

1st Edition

ISBN:9781133478294

Author:Chatterjee

Publisher:Chatterjee

Chapter4: Biomedical Electronics: Analog

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8Q

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IPSCs are nearly identical to human embryonic stem cells in terms of gene expression, but there may be other ways in which they are not equivalent. For example, the telomeres of IPSCs often vary in length, with many IPSCs cells having telomeres shorter than those of embryonic. How might shortened telomeres affect the life-span of IPSCs or of differentiated cells derived from them?
Hansen's disease, also known as leprosy, arises when bacteria infect the Schwann cells that wrap around axons of peripheral nerves to form a myelin .shealth. Attacks by the immune system on the bacteria-infected glial cells causes a loss of myelin in peripheral nerves. How is Hansen's disease similar to multiple sclerosis? Why do the symptoms differ? Why are people with Hansen's disease unusually prone to injuring themselves?
In sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP activate _______. a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. Z bands
Pathogenic E. coil have recently been shown to degrade tight junction proteins during infection. How would this provide an advantage to the bacteria?
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
John Randolphs cancer went into ________________. Although this is not a cure, his symptoms disappeared and he felt much better.
Why do muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of glycolysis to supply ATP for the first few seconds of muscle contraction?
A rubbery secreted matrix or proteoglycans and collagen surrounds living cells in _______. a. bone b. cartilage c. adipose tissue d. blood
Which of the following statements is true? Fast fibers have a small diameter. Fast fibers contain loosely packed myofibrils. Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves. Fast fibers have many mitochondria.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases ________. a. ACh b. Calcium ions c. ATP d. Phosphate ions
Like other nocturnal carnivores, the ferret shown in FIGURE 33.13 has light-reflecting material in its choroid. Explain why the presence of reflective material in this layer of the eye maximizes the degree to which light excites photoreceptors. Explain also why having reflective material in this layer causes the perceived image to be somewhat blurry. FIGURE 33.13 Eyeshine of a back-footed ferret A reflective layer in this nocturnal predators eyes enhances its night vision,
Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?

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Br Br Br ~ Br You NaN₂ DMF SN1 E1 SN2 E2 CH3CO₂H SN1 ☐ E1 SN2 ☐ E2 NaNH, NH3.0°C SN1 E1 SN2 E2