Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 31, Problem 1CT
IPSCs are nearly identical to human embryonic stem cells in terms of gene expression, but there may be other ways in which they are not equivalent. For example, the telomeres of IPSCs often vary in length, with many IPSCs cells having telomeres shorter than those of embryonic. How might shortened telomeres affect the life-span of IPSCs or of differentiated cells derived from them?
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With age, somatic cells are thought to accumulategenomic “scars” as a result of the inaccurate repair of dou-ble-strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ).Estimates based on the frequency of breaks in primaryhuman fibroblasts suggest that by age 70, each humansomatic cell may carry some 2000 NHEJ-induced muta-tions due to inaccurate repair. If these mutations weredistributed randomly around the genome, how many pro-tein-coding genes would you expect to be affected? Wouldyou expect cell function to be compromised? Why or whynot? (Assume that 2% of the genome—1.5% protein-cod-ing and 0.5% regulatory—is crucial information.)
You are interested in the effects of mutations on the expression of a human protein-
encoding gene expressed in skin cells. The gene has one intron that is 450
nucleotides long. After this intron is removed from the pre-mRNA, the mRNA
transcript is 1100 nucleotides in length. Diploid somatic cells have two copies of this
gene. Predict the size and amount of mRNA from the cytosol of skin cells, which
were obtained from the following individuals:
• Individual 1: Normal individual with no mutations in this gene.
• Individual 2: Homozygous for a deletion that removes the -10 to -100 region of
the gene that encodes this mRNA.
• Individual 3: Heterozygous in which one gene is normal and the other gene has a
deletion that removes the -10 to -100 region.
• Individual 4: Homozygous for a five-nucleotide deletion in the intron that
removes the GT sequence at the 5' splice site.
Explain your answers.
What is cell differentiation? Discuss the role of myogenic bHLH proteins in the differentiation of muscle cells. Explain how they work at the molecular level. In your answer, explain how protein dimerization is key to gene regulation.
Chapter 31 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...Ch. 31 - Cultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a...Ch. 31 - ___ tissues are sheetlike with one free surface....Ch. 31 - _______ keep fluid from leaking between cells. a....Ch. 31 - Exocrine glands are specialized ______ tissue. a....Ch. 31 - A rubbery secreted matrix or proteoglycans and...Ch. 31 - Blood cells develop from stem cells in ________....Ch. 31 - Prob. 6SQCh. 31 - Cytoplasmic extensions of _______ send and receive...
Ch. 31 - ______ muscle pulls on bones and _______ muscle...Ch. 31 - Straps or dense, regular connective tissue...Ch. 31 - ______ increase the surface area of some...Ch. 31 - Tears are an _______ secretion released by...Ch. 31 - Cancers most commonly arise in ______ tissue. a....Ch. 31 - The most abundant protein in your body is _______....Ch. 31 - Match each term with the most suitable...Ch. 31 - With negative feedback, detection of a change...Ch. 31 - IPSCs are nearly identical to human embryonic stem...Ch. 31 - Radiation and chemotherapy drugs preferentially...Ch. 31 - Each level of biological organization has emergent...
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- The human body contains many distinct cell types yet almost all human cells contain the same genome with 21,000 genes. The distinct cell types are primarily due to differences in gene expression. Assume that one set of 1000 genes is expressed in all cell types and that the remaining 20,000 genes can be divided into sets of 1000 genes that are either all expressed or all not expressed in a given cell type. How many different cell types are possible if each cell type expresses 10 sets of these genes? Note that the number of combinations of n objects into m sets is given by n !/ (m!(n-m)!) where n! = 1*2*…*(n 2 1)*n.arrow_forwardA cell inherits a mutation in a gene that results in a transcription factor, called NF-kB, constantly being in its active conformation. When active, NF-kB stimulates the expression of cyclins that promote progression of the cell cycle, regardless of other conditions. As a result of this mutation, how would this cell's phenotype be affected by this mutation? A) This cell would have a cancer phenotype B) This cell would grow larger in size, but would never divide C) This cell would likely undergo apoptosis D) This cell would not duplicate its chromosomes .arrow_forwardAcquired mutation in the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration found in human cancer (> 50% of all cancers). A germline mutation in p53 is the causative lesion of Li- Fraumeni familial cancer syndrome. In many tumors, one p53 allele on chromosome 17p is deleted and the other is mutated. What type of protein is encoded by the p53 gene? (A) Caspase (B) DNA repair enzyme (C) Membrane cell adhesion molecule (D) Serine phosphatase (E) Telomerase (F) Transcription factor (G) Tyrosine kinasearrow_forward
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