Where does a label on carbon 2 in glucose end up after 1 round of the TCA cycle. How many cycles will it take until 50% of the label had been exhaled as CO2? Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA that affects the function of complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Idebenone is a short-chain benzoquinone that is used to treat LHON . How do you think it might work (cite references used)

Where does a label on carbon 2 in glucose end up after 1 round of the TCA cycle. How many cycles will it take until 50% of the label had been exhaled as CO2? Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA that affects the function of complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Idebenone is a short-chain benzoquinone that is used to treat LHON . How do you think it might work (cite references used)

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter2: Cell Physiology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10RE: Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1....

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When the cells of our body are in dire need to synthesize Ribose 5 phosphate and it has already enough supply of NADPH, reverse non oxidative pathway of the HMP shunt pathway takes place. If the cell has 10 glucose 6 phosphate molecules, how many of these would be converted to Fructose 6 phosphate and how many to form glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate respectively to synthesize maximum number of Ribose 5 phosphate? 8:2 2:8 4:6 6:4
You are carrying out an experiment in the lab to study the citric acid cycle. To do this, you add 14C-labeled pyruvate at carbon 3 (this is the methyl carbon) to metabolically active mitochondria. Based on your knowledge of the citric acid cycle, what is the location of the 14C-label in oxaloacetate after one turn of the cycle? How many turns of the cycle are required to release all of the the14C-label as CO2? Be sure to justify your answers using a thorough description, as your answer does not need to include any drawings of the intermediates (but, feel free to include one if you wish).
Which of the following is TRUE about cytochrome c protein? As a part of the ETC chain, it changes conformation to allow H+ ions to flow out of the matrix. It is found on the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and, therefore, contains start-transfer and/or stop-transfer sequences. With assistance from Bax, it can move out of the mitochondria and into the cytosol. It is considered a symporter because it is involved in electron transport. It is able to puncture holes in the plasma membrane to initiate apoptosis.
Citrate synthase is a nuclear-encoded enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle. The enzyme is functional in the mitochondrial matrix. Looking at the system required for mitochondrial targeting and import of citrate synthase, which of the following statements are correct? 1. Proper import and processing of citrate synthase is dependent upon other proteins found in the mitochondria. 2. Because of the signal peptide, the mature functional enzyme is actually longer than it would be if it was coded by the organelle genome. 3. Because the citrate synthase signal peptide doesn’t have a precise amino acid signature, mutations that slightly change the primary sequence have no effect on targeting. 4. To get citrate synthase into the mitochondrial matrix requires two signal sequences: one to get it across the outer membrane and a second to get it across the inner membrane. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 2. produces H2O as a by-product 3. results in a rich yield of ATP 4. takes place in the cytosol 5. processes acetyl-CoA 6. takes place in the mitochondrial innermembrane cristae 7. converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules 8. uses molecular oxygen 9. accomplished by the electron transport system and ATP synthase (a) glycolysis (b) citric acid cycle (c) oxidative phosphorylation
The Q cycle plays a major role in the electron-transport chain of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. What is the function of the Q cycle, and how does it carry out this function?
Aerobic respiration, used by the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, is best represented by which of the following balanced equations? 6CO2 + 12H2S g C6H12O6 + 6S2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O g 6CO2 + 12H2O C12H22O11 + H2O g C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 12H2O g C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 g C12H22O11 + H2O
Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the equilibrium constant for the given reaction.
Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the free energy of the reaction of yeast in mitochondria.
Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD+] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below: Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ∆G0’ = +29.7 kJ/mol If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 370C?
How many GTP molecules are produced in the TCA cycle when you start with a fatty acid molecule that has 18 carbons?
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