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- 21. GABA, benzodiazepines and barbituates share a common receptor target and elicit similar pharmacodynamic responses yet are susceptible to different antagonists. Which property or process best explains this observation? a) The three molecules target different sub-types of the receptor b) The three molecules are different types of ligands (e.g. full, partial, inverse agonists) c) The three molecules have affinity for distinct binding sites on the receptor d) The three molecules activate different G-proteins e) The three molecules interact with different repressor proteins7. The maximum effect (intrinsic activity) of a xenobiotic acting through a specific receptor can be modified by which of the following features? a) Increased bioavailability b) Longer duration of action c) Presence an allosteric modulator d) All of the above e) None of the aboveChoose (+) if the following circumstances or situations will most likely result to production of intrinsic activity; if otherwise, choose (-)
- Why is the use of first-generation H1-antihistamines discouraged in clinical practice today?Mrs. Anderson, a 45-year-old woman with a history of chronic back pain, has been taking X as prescribed by her rheumatologist for the past eight months. During a routine check-up, her liver function tests revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes. She has not experienced any noticeable symptoms but is now being closely monitored for potential liver-related issues. 2. Propose a pharmacoepidemiological study design to confirm or refute the signal of hepatotoxicity associated with X. Consider factors such as study population, exposure definition, and outcome measures. Discuss the strengths and limitations of your chosen study design? Outline the methods and data sources that could be used to collect information on hepatotoxicity in patients using X.? Discuss how the findings of the study could have regulatory implications. If a significant association is identified, explore how regulatory agencies might implement other measures to ensure patient safety.? Develop communication…Which of the sequences of Pharmacokinetic Phase does Morphine sulfate follow in terms of its drug action?
- Many drugs and physiological mechanisms operate, directly or indirectly, by influencing [Ca2+]I, second messenger system, protein kinase and nuclear receptor. Discuss in detail on how the above interaction shows therapeutic effect by using any reference drug as an exampl22. Xenobiotics Y & Z are agonists for a G-protein coupled receptor and tyrosine kinase receptor, rerspectively. When combined, cross-talk between activated signaling pathways can lead to which of the following types of interaction? a) Additive effects b) Antagonistic effects c) Synergistic effects d) b & c e) all of the aboveWhat is the mode of action of hydrocholathiazide? A) Where, physiologically speaking, does it work. Be as complete as possible including cells, receptors, etc involved.
- Biotransformation is an important concept in pharmacology, which amongst others, enables the effective administration of prodrugs. Provide a detailed description of factors influencing the biotransformation of drugs.Which choice properly identifies how racemic epinephrine is prepared? A) Bovine epinephrine prepared for vetrinary use B) A mixture of 50% each of dextrorotery and levorotery epinephrine C) Epinephrine which has been specifically prepared for administration by injection D) A stabalized form of epinephrine that performs as a sympathetic agonist without the palpatations tremulousness and anxiety side effectsHow would we define pharmacokinetics utilizing the importance of drug plasma concentrations? What is the importance of plasma concentration in pharmacokinetics?