Concept explainers
Using the Nernst equation, calculate the equilibrium potential for Ca2 and for C1 from the following sets of data:
a. Given
b. Given
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 3 Solutions
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
- Explain the limitations of the following expressions: (a) DS = C ln(Tf /Ti), (b) DG = DH − TDS, and (c) DG = wmax,non-exp.arrow_forwardWhen the Cu2+ concentration is 1.01 M, the observed cell potential at 298K for an electrochemical cell with the following reaction is 1.138V. What is the Cr3+ concentration? 3Cu2(aq) + 2Cr(s) 3Cu(s) + 2Cr3+(aq) Answer: Marrow_forwardConsider a suspension of particles (isoelectric point is at pH 6) in water at pH 2 and a NaCl concentration of 0.001 M. Describe how the strength of repulsion varies with the following changes, assuming all other conditions remain constant. Give a description (more than just increase or decrease) in terms of the effect on the double layer thickness and the zeta potential. (a) Change from 0.001 M NaCl to 0.1 M NaCl, (b) Change from pH = 2 to pH = 5.arrow_forward
- The resting membrane potential of a neuron at 37°C is –60 mV (inside negative). If the freeenergy change associated with the transport of Na+ from o utside to in side is –10.0 kJ/mol, and [Na+]outside the cell is 260 mM, what is [Na+] inside the cell?gas constant R=8.315 J/mol.K; Faraday constant F=96.5 kJ/mol.voltarrow_forwardCalculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under normal physiological conditions: 4 mM serum potassium, 135 mM intracellular potassium, 37.1 °C, and resting potential -82 mV. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump under disturbed conditions of 2 mM serum potassium. Assume all other parameters remain the same. Express your answer in kJ/mol. Show all work. What factors could limit the continued action of the sodium/potassium pump when only 2 mM potassium is present in the blood plasma? Note that under normal physiological conditions, the cell interior contains 11 mM sodium and the blood contains 140 mM sodium.arrow_forwardCalculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). (a)Membrane permeable only to Na+.arrow_forward
- what does the term excitation- coupling mean?arrow_forwardWhat is the electric field at point A in the figure if d = 2.10 m, R = 0.500 m, 91 = 19.0 nC, and 92 = -27.0 nC? Assume the positive x axis points to the right, through the center of the rings. (Express your answer in vector form.) E = N/C 91 T R d/2d/2. A d⋅ 92 xarrow_forwardWith regard to Na+ and K+ equilibrium potentials and the resting and active membrane potentials, write down (a- D the directions of the forces indicated, acting on the ion in the table below under the respective condition(s). NB the examples given. lon Condition Electrical/Chemical force Direction of force Chemical e.g....inward.. ****** Na ENa+ = + 60 mV Electrical a. Chemical e.g. ...outward.. EK+ =- 90 mV Electrical b. Chemical C. Na" Emp = 0 mV Electrical d. Chemical K+ Emp =-20 mV Electricalarrow_forward
- A 60 Hz generator of 2 with inertia constant of H = 4.5 MJ/MVA is delivering active power of 1.0 pu to the infinite bus (|V∞| = 1 pu), with the generator terminal voltage of |Vt| = 1 pu. Calculate the generator internal voltage. Find the maximum power that can be transferred, the swing equation and draw power angle curves for the following conditions: (a) system healthy (b) one line shorted (3-phase) in the middle (c) one line open Draw all three power angle curves on one plot, and mark which one is which. Excitation is held constant throughout all conditions.arrow_forwardCalculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50 M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane equally permeable to both ions.arrow_forwardHow long would it take to reduce 1 mole of each of the following ions using the current indicated? Assume the voltage is sufficient to perform the reduction.(a) Al3+, 1.234 A(b) Ca2+, 22.2 A(c) Cr5+, 37.45 A(d) Au3+, 3.57 Aarrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples Of Radiographic Imaging: An Art And A ...Health & NutritionISBN:9781337711067Author:Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna BalacPublisher:Cengage Learning