Whether membrane potential becomes more negative or more positive if the membrane were more permeable to sodium ion than potassium ion in comparison to resting potential. Introduction: An unequal distribution of ion within and beyond the cell and the distinct permeability of the membrane to distinct ion kinds determine the resting membranes capacity. The level of potassium ions is higher within the cell. In contrast, the level of sodium ions outside the cell is greater. Therefore, there are stable concentration gradients across the membrane for all of the most abundant ion kinds.

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PCBs and River Otters: Otters in Washington State’s Green-Duwamish River have high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their livers. PCBs can bind to the estrogen receptors in animals and disrupt the endocrine system of these otters. The PCBs seem to increase the estrogen to androgen ratio, skewing the ratio toward too much estrogen. How would increased estrogen affect the river otter population? Based on your reading of the materials in this unit, what factors can affect fertility in humans? Explain how each of the factors affecting human fertility that you described can disrupt the human endocrine system to affect reproduction.

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Chapter 3, Problem 4TAHL

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Whether membrane potential becomes more negative or more positive if the membrane were more permeable to sodium ion than potassium ion in comparison to resting potential.

Introduction:

An unequal distribution of ion within and beyond the cell and the distinct permeability of the membrane to distinct ion kinds determine the resting membranes capacity. The level of potassium ions is higher within the cell. In contrast, the level of sodium ions outside the cell is greater. Therefore, there are stable concentration gradients across the membrane for all of the most abundant ion kinds.

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