Chapter 7, Problem 97A

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The large difference in the boiling point of Titanium which is 3287(C and copper which is 2567(C needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Metallic bonds are those where the metal forms metal ions which are embedded in a sea of electrons. Its ionisation energy is low. Due to the presence of empty orbitals, the metal atoms overlap their valence orbitals and lose their valence electrons.

Answer to Problem 97A

Titanium has more lattice energy than copper. The metallic bonding in titanium is more than copper.

Explanation of Solution

Metallic bonds are formed when metal ions are surrounded by sea of electrons. It occurs between two metals. Its ionisation energy is low. Due to the presence of empty orbitals, the metal atoms overlap their valence orbitals and lose their valence electrons.

Copper belongs to group 11 and Titanium belongs to group 13. Copper has atomic number of 29 and has one valence electron while Titanium has atomic number of 22 and 2 valence electrons.

The electronic configuration of Cu is ${\text{1s}}^2{\text{2s}}^2{\text{2p}}^6{\text{3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^6{\text{4s}}^1{\text{3d}}^{10}$

The electronic configuration of Ti is ${\text{1s}}^2{\text{2s}}^2{\text{2p}}^6{\text{3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^6{\text{4s}}^2{\text{3d}}^2$

In case of copper, there are two outermost electrons and hence delocalizes two electrons in metallic lattice.

In case of Titanium, there are four outermost electrons and hence delocalizes four electrons in metallic lattice.

With increased delocalized electrons, the lattice energy increases thereby increasing the melting point. Therefore, Titanium has more lattice energy than copper. The metallic bonding in titanium is more than copper.

Conclusion

Titanium has more lattice energy than copper. The metallic bonding in titanium is more than copper.