Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781285869759
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 3.17P

3-17 Answer true or false.

(a) The octet rule refers to the chemical bonding patterns of the first eight elements of the Periodic Table.

(b) The octet rule refers to the tendency of certain elements to react in such a way that they achieve an outer shell of eight valence electrons.

(c) In gaining electrons, an atom becomes a positively charged ion called a cation.

(d) When an atom forms an ion, only the number of valence electrons changes; the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus does not change.

(e) In forming ions, Group 2A elements typically lose two electrons to become cations with a charge of + 2.

(f) In forming an ion, a sodium atom (1s22s22p63s1) completes its valence shell by adding one electron to fill its 3s shell (1s2 2s2 2p63s2).

(g) The elements of Group 6A typically react by accepting two electrons to become anions with a charge of −2.

(h) With the exception of hydrogen, the octet rule applies to all elements in periods 1,2, and 3.

(i) Atoms and the ions derived from them have very similar physical and chemical properties.

(a)

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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

The octet rule refers to the chemical bonding patterns of the first eight elements of the periodic table.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

False

Explanation of Solution

The octet refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to achieve eight valence electrons in the outer shell. This rule is common among atoms of group 1A-7A.

(b)

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

The octet rule refers to the tendency of certain elements to react in such a way that they achieve an outer shell of eight valence electrons.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

True

Explanation of Solution

An atom gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction to achieve eight electrons in the outer shell. This tendency of atoms to achieve eight electrons is called as octet rule and is followed by the atoms of Group 1A-7A.

(c)

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

In gaining electrons, an atom becomes a positively charged ion called a cation.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

False

Explanation of Solution

When an atom gains electron, the number of electrons in an atom increases when compared to the number of protons in the nucleus. Thus, it forms a negatively charged ion called an anion.

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

When an atom forms an ion, only the number of valence electrons changes, the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus does not change.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

True.

Explanation of Solution

An atom gains or loses electrons to form ions. When an atom gains electrons, the number of electrons in an atom increases when compared to the number of proton in the nucleus. Thus it forms a negatively charged ion called an anion. When an atom loses electrons, the number of electrons in an atom decreases when compared to the number of protons in the nucleus. Thus, it forms positively charged ion called a cation.

Thus, the formation of ion the number of valence electrons changes, but the number of protons and neutrons remains.

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

In forming ions, Group 2A elements typically lose two electrons to become cation with a charge of +2.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The group 2A elements have 2 electrons in their outermost shell. Therefore, by donating two electrons, these elements attain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas in relation to its atomic number.

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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

In forming an ion, a sodium atom (1s22s2p63s1) completes its valence shell by adding one electron to fill its 3s shell (1s22s2p63s2).

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of sodium is (Na) is

1s22s2p63s1

The sodium atom loses one electron and then its electronic configuration is,

1s22s2p6

And then it attains noble gas configuration.

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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

The Group 6A elements have 6 electrons in their outermost shell. To attain the stable electron configuration of the nearest noble gas, group 6A elements accepts 2 electrons and acquires a -2 charge.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

True.

Explanation of Solution

The group 6A elements belong to oxygen family. Taking an example of oxygen atom, the atomic number is 8 thus, the electronic configuration is 1s22s22p4 . In the outermost shell, it has 6 electrons thus, it can gain 2 electrons to get -2 charge and form an anion.

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

With the exception of hydrogen, the octet rule applies to all elements in periods 1, 2 and 3.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The elements of the first period have only one valence shell that is 1s orbital. Hence the atoms of these elements can hold a maximum of two electrons.

The elements of second period have two valence shells that are 2s and 2p orbitals. Thus, the valence shells of the second period elements can hold a maximum of eight electrons.

The elements of third period have three valence shells that are 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals. Therefore these elements can hold more than eight electrons. Thus, third period elements do not obey the octet rule.

Hence, the octet rule applies to elements of the second period.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: true or false:

Atoms and the ions derived from them have very similar physical and chemical properties.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule alludes to the atom’s tendency to contain eight electrons in the valence shell. When any atom contains less than eight electrons, they would tend to react as well as form the compounds which are more stable. An octet resembles to the electronic configuration which are ending with s2p6.

Answer to Problem 3.17P

False.

Explanation of Solution

The ions derived from their atoms can have different physical and chemical properties. For example, if sodium metal is placed with kerosene, it explodes when it comes in contact with water. Chlorine is toxic gas, but on the other hand, a sodium ion and a chlorine ion combine to form of salt, which is consumed in our daily life.

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Chapter 3 Solutions

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry

Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.11PCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.12PCh. 3.9 - Prob. 3.13PCh. 3.9 - Prob. 3.14PCh. 3.10 - Problem 3-15 Predict all bond angles for these...Ch. 3.11 - Problem 3-16 Which of these molecules are polar?...Ch. 3 - 3-17 Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule...Ch. 3 - 3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or...Ch. 3 - 3-19 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-20 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-21 Write the formula for the most stable ion...Ch. 3 - 3-22 Why is Li- not a stable ion?Ch. 3 - 3-23 Predict which ions are stable: (a) (b) (c)...Ch. 3 - 3-24 Predict which ions are stable: (a) Br2- (b)...Ch. 3 - 3-25 Why are carbon and silicon reluctant to form...Ch. 3 - 3-26 Table 3-2 shows the following ions of copper:...Ch. 3 - 3-27 Answer true or false. (a) For Group lA and...Ch. 3 - 3-28 Name each polyatomic ion. (a) HCO3- (b) NO2-...Ch. 3 - 3-29 Answer true or false. (a) According to the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.30PCh. 3 - 3-31 Why does electronegativity generally increase...Ch. 3 - 3-32 Judging from their relative positions in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.33PCh. 3 - 3-34 Which of these bonds is the most polar? The...Ch. 3 - 3-35 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-36 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-37 Answer true or false. (a) An ionic bond is...Ch. 3 - 3-38 Complete the chart by writing formulas for...Ch. 3 - 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.40PCh. 3 - 3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in...Ch. 3 - 3-42 What is the charge on each ion in these...Ch. 3 - 3-43 Write the formula for the compound formed...Ch. 3 - 3-44 Write the formula for the ionic compound...Ch. 3 - 3-45 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-46 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-47 Answer true or false. (a) The name of a...Ch. 3 - 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.49PCh. 3 - 3-50 Name the polyatomic ion(s) in each compound....Ch. 3 - 3-51 Write the formulas for the ions present in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.52PCh. 3 - 3-53 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - 3-54 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.55PCh. 3 - 3-56 How many covalent bonds are normally formed...Ch. 3 - 3-57 What is: (a) A single bond? (b) A double...Ch. 3 - 3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.59PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.60PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.61PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.62PCh. 3 - 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine...Ch. 3 - 3-64 Acetylene (C2H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.65PCh. 3 - 3-66 Why can’t second-row elements have more than...Ch. 3 - 3-67 Why does nitrogen have three bonds and one...Ch. 3 - 3-68 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.69PCh. 3 - 3-70 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.71PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.72PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.73PCh. 3 - 3-74 Answer true or false. (a) A binary covalent...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.75PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.76PCh. 3 - 3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a...Ch. 3 - 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a...Ch. 3 - 3-79 Answer true or false. (a) The letters VSEPR...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.80PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.81PCh. 3 - 3-82 Hydrogen and nitrogen combine in different...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.83PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.84PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.85PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.86PCh. 3 - 3-87 Consider the molecule boron trffluoride, BF3....Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.88PCh. 3 - 3-89 Is it possible for a molecule to have no...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.90PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.91PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.92PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.93PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.94PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.95PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.96PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.97PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.98PCh. 3 - 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.100PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.101PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.102PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.103PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.104PCh. 3 - 3-105 Consider the structure of Vitamin E shown...Ch. 3 - 3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown...Ch. 3 - 3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.108PCh. 3 - 3-109 Until several years ago, the two...Ch. 3 - 3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.111PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.112PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.113PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.114PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.115PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.116PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.117PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.118PCh. 3 - 3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room...Ch. 3 - 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for...Ch. 3 - 3-121 Tetrafluoroethylene is the starting material...Ch. 3 - 3-122 Some of the following structural formulas...Ch. 3 - 3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.124PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.125PCh. 3 - Prob. 3.126PCh. 3 - 3-127 Amoxicillin is an antibiotic used to treat...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3.128P
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