(I)
Interpretation: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and
To determine: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds.
(a)
Interpretation: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds are to be stated.
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.
To determine: An example that illustrate the formation alcohol by addition of water to an
(b)
Interpretation: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds are to be stated.
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.
To determine: An example that illustrates the oxidation of primary alcohols to
(c)
Interpretation: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds are to be stated.
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.
To determine: An example that illustrates the oxidation of secondary alcohols to
(d)
Interpretation: The answers of various questions based upon reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds are to be stated.
Concept introduction: The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. They can be further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bond between atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons contains double or triple bonds between the atoms of the molecule.
To determine: An example illustrating the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid.
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Chemistry
- What are aromatic hydrocarbons? Benzene exhibits resonance. Explain. What are the bond angles in benzene? Give a detailed description of the bonding in benzene. The electrons in benzene are delocalized, while the electrons in simple alkenes and alkynes are localized. Explain the difference.arrow_forwardSummarize the nomenclature rules for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Correct the following false statements regarding nomenclature of hydrocarbons. a. The root name for a hydrocarbon is based on the shortest continuous chain of carbon atoms. b. The suffix used to name all hydrocarbons is -ane. c. Substituent groups are numbered so as to give the largest numbers possible. d. No number is required to indicate the positions of double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes. e. Substituent groups get the lowest number possible in alkenes and alkynes. f. The ortho- term in aromatic hydrocarbons indicates the presence of two substituent groups bonded to carbon- 1 and carbon-3 in benzene.arrow_forwardDistinguish between isomerism and resonance. Distinguish between structural and geometric isomerism. When writing the various structural isomers, the most difficult task is identifying which are different isomers and which are identical to a previously written structurethat is, which are compounds that differ only by the rotation of a carbon single bond. How do you distinguish between structural isomers and those that are identical? Alkenes and cycloalkanes are structural isomers of each other. Give an example of each using C4H8. Another common feature of alkenes and cycloalkanes is that both have restricted rotation about one or more bonds in the compound, so both can exhibit cis- trans isomerism. What is required for an alkene or cycloalkane to exhibit cis-trans isomerism? Explain the difference between cis and trans isomers. Alcohols and ethers are structural isomers of each other, as are aldehydes and ketones. Give an example of each to illustrate. Which functional group in Table 21-4 can be structural isomers of carboxylic acids? What is optical isomerism? What do you look for to determine whether an organic compound exhibits optical isomerism? 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane is optically active whereas 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not optically active. Explain.arrow_forward
- Select those compounds that can be correctly called unsaturated and classify each one as an alkene or an alkyne: a.CH3CH2CH3f. b.CH3CH=CHCH3g. c.h.CH2=CHCH2CH3 d.i. e.arrow_forwardAlcohols A, B and C all have the composition C4H 100. Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched carbon chain and can be oxidized to an aldehyde; molecules of alcohol B contain a linear carbon chain and can be oxidized to a ketone; and molecules of alcohol C can be oxidized to neither an aldehyde nor a ketone. Write the Lewis structures of these molecules.arrow_forwardAlcohols are very useful starting materials for the production of many different compounds. The following conversions, starting with 1-butanol, can be carried out in two or more steps. Show the steps (reactants/catalysts) you would follow to carry out the conversions, drawing the formula for the organic product in each step. For each step, a major product must be produced. (See Exercise 62.) (Hint: In the presence of H+, an alcohol is converted into an alkene and water. This is the exact reverse of the reaction of adding water to an alkene to form an alcohol.) a. 1-butanol butane b. 1-butanol 2-butanonearrow_forward
- What is the difference in bonding and in the general molecular formula between an alkene and an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms?arrow_forwardIs the reaction between an alkene and a halogen a substitution reaction(displacement reaction) or another reaction? Explain the reaction mechanism by giving an example.arrow_forwardMineral oil and Vaseline are both mixtures of alkanes, but mineral oil is a liquid at room temperature and Vaseline is a solid. Which product is composed of alkanes that contain a larger number of carbon atoms? Explain your choice.arrow_forward
- State whether the statements are true or false. 1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons must contain at least one carbon-carbon double triple bond. 2. Aromatic compounds usualky undergo addition reactions. 3. Carboxylic acid molecules are much less polar than the corresponding alkane molecules. 4. Marikovnikov's rule states that, in an addition reaction involving a hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom will usually bond to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogen atoms attached. 5. But-1-ene and 2-ene are structural isomers of each other. 6. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group on the terminal carbon atom.arrow_forwardPetroleum products such as kerosene and gasoline are separated using fractional distillation. Each of them has their own properties and usage. Why can't we use one petroleum product as a substitute for the other when they are composed majority of alkanes?arrow_forwardPetrol is a complex mix of light hydrocarbons. Petrol with octane number 95 contains 95% 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. This compound can be obtained by breaking up a large hydrocarbon molecule such as dodecane, C12H26 using a catalyst such as zeolite. a) name the process where a large hydrocarbon molecule is broken into smaller molecules b) write an equation for the breaking up of dodecane into 2,2,4-trimethylpentane if another branched hydrocarbon compound is formed at the same time. c) what is the other hydrocarbon obtained ? d) draw the structural formula of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.arrow_forward
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